High Middle Ages: Coming Out of the Dark 1100 – 1300 CE

Peace and Prosperity Factors Revitalization of the Church (Crusades) Agricultural revolution and rise of feudalism Revival of trade and the urban revolution Rise of national monarchies Development of universities Architecture: cathedrals and castles

Medieval Church Hierarchy

The Church Takes Charge Peace of God: 989 CE No stealing from church No assaulting clerics, women, peasants Excommunication Truce of God: 1027 CE No fighting Thursday-Monday, feast days, holy days No killing Christians Led to justification for Crusades Created a Paradox: Peace & Truce of God created to bring order and civility to society, yet this peace movement also contributed to idea of the righteousness of holy war

Church Takes Charge, cont’d Church Schism: 1054 CE Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox War of Investitures: 1075 CE Who gets to invest bishops? Pope or King? 50 years of bloodshed Concordat of Worms: 1112 CE King invests bishops and abbots as vassal of empire Pope then gives staff and ring

The Crusades 1095-1291 CE

The Crusades Effects Contact with Muslims Reduced internal warring in Europe Papacy gains prestige as defender of Christendom Rise of trade in Italy (transporting men, supplies) Contact with Muslims New foods, bathing, fine Asian goods Scientific and cultural knowledge Islamic learning schools established in France and Spain

Agricultural Revolution Three-field rotation Heavy plough and horse collar Windmills and water power Led to population growth and urban renewal

Agricultural Revolution

Feudalism Mutual obligation from serf to noble Fief = land given by a king to a vassal Vassal = knight or lord owning fief Serfs = villeins or peasants who work land Tithe = tax or rent paid by serfs to church or knight

Trade and Urbanization

England William the Conqueror (Norman) invades in 1066 Norman Legacies: castles, language, Doomsday Book

Norman Legacies Doomsday Book, 1086 Magna Carta, 1215 King William conducts a massive survey to determine value of his conquest Meticulously detailed records allow us to reconstruct English society at the time Magna Carta, 1215 King John (brother of Richard the Lion-Heart, son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) Excesses of extortion and other abuses triggered unrest Angry nobles forced him to sign the Great Charter which limited the power of the King Founding of English constitutional law and liberties King is subject to the law

Universities Greek and Roman classics rediscovered Summa Theologica St. Thomas Aquinus (1225-1274) 12th Century Renaissance Greek and Roman classics rediscovered Universities established in Bologne, Paris, Oxford Trivium and Quadrivium Summa Theologica Reconciled reason and faith

Architecture Romanesque to Gothic

Castles A fortified private residence of a lord or noble (palace is not fortified) Established by Norman invaders for defensive purposes and to pacify the locals Castles declined with the advancement of cannon fire

Features of a Castle Motte Bailey Keep Earthen mound with flat top To excavate, a ditch emerged around motte (moat) and was sometimes filled with water for extra defence Bailey Fortified enclosure Keep On top of the motte Home of the lord Last defence; strongest part of a castle

Motte and Bailey Castle

Later Castles

Puzzle Activity Work in a group of ~7 people Select a topic below, conduct research, share info with group Monasticism and Spiritualism (545-546) Monastic Women (546-547) Knighthood and Chivalry (547-550) Apprenticeship of a Knight (548-549) Daily Life in a Castle (551) Birth, Marriage, Death (554) Women (554-556)