Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Processing and Storage of Ag Products Heating Cooling Combination of heating and cooling Grain dried for storage Noodles dried Fruits/Vegetables rapidly cooled Vegetables are blanched, maybe cooked and canned Powders such as spices and milk: dehydrated All include heat transfer and are dictated by thermal properties of material Generally diffusion of water in or out is involved

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Heat is transferred by Conduction: temperature gradient exists within a body…heat transfer within the body Convection: Heat transfer from one body to another by virtue that one body is moving relative to the other Radiation: transfer of heat from one body to another that are separated in space in a vacuum. (blackbody heat transfer) We’ll consider Conduction w/in the product Convection: transfer by forced convection from product to moving fluid Moisture moves similar to heat by conduction Moisture diffusivity Volume change due to moisture content change

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Terms: Specific heat Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion coefficient Surface heat transfer coefficient Sensible and Latent heat Enthalpy

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Specific heat: Amount of heat required to raise the temp. of one unit of mass one degree. Cp = specific heat at constant pressure Cp =4.18 kJ/kg-K = 1.00 BTU/lb-R=1.00 cal/g-K for water (unfrozen) oils and fats: ½ H2O See Table 8.1 pg. 219 grains, powders: ¼ - 1/3 H2O ice: ½ H2O Good list: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-capacity-food-d_295.html Q = quantity of heat required to change temperature of a mass Q = Mcp(T2-T1) M = mass or weight

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 For liquid H2O Cp = 0.837 + 3.348 M above freezing For solid H2O Cp = 0.837 + 1.256 M below freezing

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Thermal Conductivity: measure of ability to transmit heat dQ/dt = -kA (dT/dx) K = coefficient of thermal conductivity W/m°K, Btu/h ft°F, 1 Btu/h ft °F = 1.731 W/m °K Greater the water content, the greater the thermal conductivity Tables 8.2 and 8.3

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 If we don’t know t-conductivity, approximate using... K = VwKw + VsKs K = KwXw + Ks(1-Xw) where X = decimal fraction so K = f(all the constituent volumes) Example 8.1 pg 224

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Thermal Diffusivity, α, (m2/sec or ft2/sec) Material’s ability to conduct heat relative to its ability to store heat α = k/(ρcp) Estimate the thermal diffusivity of a peach at 22 C.

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h: Placed in a flowing stream of liquid or gas, the solid’s T will change until it eventually reaches equilibrium with the fluid Q/T = hA(T2 – T1) “h” is determined experimentally Look for research that matches your needs. (bottom of pg 227)

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Sensible heat: Temperature that can be sensed by touch or measured with a thermometer. Temperature change due to heat transfer into or out of product Latent heat: transfer of heat energy with no accompanying change in temperature. Happens during a phase change...solid to liquid...liquid to gas...solid to gas

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Latent Heat, L, (kJ/kg or BTU/lb) Heat that is exchanged during a change in phase Dominated by the moisture content of foods Requires more energy to freeze foods than to cool foods (90kJ removed to lower 1 kg of water from room T to 0C and 4x that amount to freeze food) 420 kJ to raise T of water from 0C to 100C, 5x that to evaporate 1 kg of water. Heat of vaporization is about 7x greater than heat of fusion (freezing) Therefore, evaporation of water is energy intensive (concentrating juices, dehydrating foods…)

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Latent Heat, L, (kJ/kg or BTU/lb) Determine L experimentally when possible. When data is not available (no tables, etc) use…. L = 335 Xw where Xw is weight fraction of water Many fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meats and nuts are given in ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Enthalpy, h, (kJ/kg or BTU/lb) Heat content of a material. Combines latent heat and sensible heat changes ΔQ = M(h2-h1)…amount of heat to raise a product from T1 to T2 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals When data is not available use eqtn. 8.15 pg 230. Δh = M cp(T2 – T1) + MXw L

Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Example 8.3: Calculate the amount of heat which must be removed from 1 kg of raspberries when their temperature is reduced from 25C to -5C. Assume that the specific heat of raspberries above freezing is 3.7 kJ/kgC and their specific heat below freezing is 1.86 kJ/kgC. The moisture content of the raspberries is 81% and the ASHRAE tables for freezing of fruits and vegs. Indicate that at -5C, 27% will not yet be frozen.

Lecture 12: Thermal Properties, Moisture Diffusivity Chpt 8 Due March 5th Problem 1: Determine the amount of heat removed from 3 kg of bologna (sausage) when cooled from 23C to -7C. Assume MC of 59% and at -7C, 22% won’t be frozen. Problem 2: Estimate the thermal diffusivity of butter at 20°C.