CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS: ANALYSIS AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI Presented by capt. Evaldas Zacharevičius, director of Lithuanian Maritime Safety Administration Quality Shipping: XXI Century Standard. Safety and Pollution Prevention: Prospects We Face. Saint-Petersburg 21 and 22 October 2009. 2018.11.10

THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM The shipping industry burns 300 million tons of bunker fuel per year. Ships generate 30 percent of the world’s smog-forming emissions. Bunker fuel burned by ships is 1,000 times dirtier than highway diesel used by trucks and buses. Ship engines are far dirtier than on-road engines due to lack of strong regulation. 2018.11.10

HUMAN HEALTH Ship exhaust gases contains harmful air toxics, that cause cancer, respiratory illness and premature death. Ship air pollution often harms people who live near ports. More than one in 10 children has asthma in the world’s biggest port cities. Near the big ports cancer risk due to breathing air toxics is five times higher than normal. 2018.11.10

CLIMATE CHANGE Ships burn tons of fuel per hour, generating large volumes of global warming gases that contribute to climate change. Researches suspect, that the black soot from ship smokestacks settle on polar ice sheets and help cause melting. The world’s shipping fleet generates about four percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. 2018.11.10

INTERNATIONAL ACTION In 1973, an International conference of the IMO adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). In 1997, the IMO agreed to MARPOL Annex VI, a global treaty to reduce air emissions from ships. Annex VI entered into effect on May 19, 2005 (Internationally).  2018.11.10

IMPLEMENTATION OF REQUIREMENTS OF FIRST EDITION МARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI IN LITHUANIA 13 December 2005 – Entry into force date of ANNEX VI for Lithuania Limits for sulphur content were set to: 1,5% for SECA areas 4,5 % for other areas HFO sulphur content in the area of the Baltic sea amounted from 1,9 to 2,2% on average. Average sulphur content of fuel used by Lithuanian ferries amounted from 2,2 to 2,7%. Therefore, limitations of fuel’s sulphur content in SECA areas, after the entry into force of Annex VI, were applied only for vessels, which used HFO. 2018.11.10

IMPLEMENTATION OF REQUIREMENTS OF FIRST EDITION OF МARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI IN LITHUANIA Use of low-sulphur content fuel (LSFO) instead of high-sulphur content fuel (HSFO) for engines of vessels, originated some related problems, which were successfully solved by Lithuanian shipowners: Increasing of fuel’s prices; Investments in applicability of fuel system to work in accordance with requirements of 14th regulation; Efforts to safeguard the resources of engines; Limitations related with bunkering of vessels. 2018.11.10

ADOPTION OF THE REVISED ANNEX VI OF MARPOL 73/78 Following the entry into force of MARPOL Annex VI on 19 May 2005, MEPC 53 (July 2005) agreed to the revision of MARPOL Annex VI and the NOx Technical Code with the aim of significantly strengthening the emission limits in light of technological improvements and implementation experience. IMO Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases, as instructed by MEPC,prepared the draft amendments to MARPOL Annex VI. As a result, MEPC 58 (October 2008) considered and adopted the revised MARPOL Annex VI and the NOx Technical Code. 2018.11.10

REVISED МARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI 19 May 2005 – ANNEX VI enters into force internationally Global sulphur limit 4.5% 1st July 2010 – entry into force of revised ANNEX VI Sulphur limit for SECA 1% 1 January 2015 Sulphur limit for SECA 0,1% 2005 2006 2010 2012 2015 2020 13 December 2005 MARPOL ANNEX VI enters into force for Lithuania 19 May 2006 Sulphur limit for SECA 1.5% 1 January 2012 Global sulphur limit 3.5% 1 January 2020 Global sulphur limit 0.5% 2018.11.10

REVISED МARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI: LITHUANIAN CASE Most topical problems which shipowners will face with regard of future changes, are increasing financial expenses due to the fulfillment of new sulphur requirements. Solutions for reduction of such costs which were applied by Lithuanian shipowners: plugging of vessel to the ashore electricity; using of silicone paint for covering the hull of vessel. 2018.11.10

COST REDUCTION BY PLUGGING OF VESSEL TO THE ASHORE ELECTRICITY Attempts of Lithuanian shipowners to plug the vessel to ashore electricity in Klaipeda port: No detailed calculations were carried on, however experience shows, that this method is financialy justifiable, in particular after entry into force of revised Marpol Annex VI. The existing capacity of electricity supply in Klaipeda port is sufficient only for few ships, therefore for the wide-scale use of such method additional transformer station is necessary. 2018.11.10

USE OF SILICONE PAINT FOR COVERING THE HULL OF VESSEL (1) The hull of vessel is covered by special silicone tissue along which water slides during the voyage of vessel. Advantages of use of silicon paint: The silicone paint helps to save a big quantity of fuel for vessel. Drawbacks: The method is quite expensive – to cover the hull of one vessel (for example, vessel “Lisco Optima” – gross tonnage 25206 tones) by silicone paint costs about 0,3 million Euro. The vessel has always to be kept in working condition. Otherwise slimes or wracks will grow on the bottom of vessel very quickly. 2018.11.10

USE OF SILICONE PAINT FOR COVERING THE HULL OF VESSEL (2) When the vessel is on dock, the hull has to be affected by sun as less as possible, because sunbeams stimulates growing of slimes or wracks on hull as well. In the case of the need to cover the hull of vessel by new silicone tissue, it is necessary to remove away the old paint tissue, because otherwise this new tissue will not be held on the hull of vessel. Old paint tissue can be removed very hardly and this process takes a lot of time. Calculations revealed, that notwithstanding to all aforementioned drawbacks, this method entirely justifies all expenditures related to the application of the silicon paint on the hull of vessel and on the end of the day allows to save money. 2018.11.10

CONCLUSIONS Although concerns about the cost implications of the switch to low sulphur fuels are raised, experience shows, that in light of technological improvements, cost effective solutions with regard to use of low sulphur fuels are available for the industry. Efforts made by IMO with regard to reduction of air pollution are based on scientific information, therefore revised Annex I of Marpol 73/78 undoubtedly will have positive influence on atmosphere environment and health of people, especially these people who live on coasts of port towns and in coastal areas. 2018.11.10