Al Huda Scarborough – Tajweed Class Rules of Tajweed Al Huda Scarborough – Tajweed Class

OUTLINE 1. What is Tajweed 1. Five Main Organs of Speech 2. Mouth and Teeth Diagrams 3. Letters of the Oral Cavity 4. Letters of the Throat 5. Letters of the Tongue

WHAT IS TAJWEED? Tajweed is that science of the Quran that teaches us to read every letter with its HAQQ and MUSTAHAQQ Qualities. HAQQ are those qualities that are present in the letter all the time. If we remove that quality the letter will cease to exist MUSTAHAQQ are those qualities that are sometimes present in the letter and sometimes not present. These qualities depend on the environment surrounding the letters.

HAQQ of the letters The Haqq of the letters consist of two things: 1) The Makhraj of a letter 2) The Sifaat of the letter. MAKHRAJ – That place in the mouth where the letter is born. SIFAAT – Those qualities that differentiate each letter from the next. A combination of Makhraj and Sifaat give us 28 unique letters in the Arabic Language

The Five Organs of Speech 1. The Oral Cavity - ألجوف 3. Tongue - اللسان 4. Lips - الشفتان 5. The Nasal Cavity – الخيشوم 2. Throat – ألحلق

Four pair of Sifaat to look for in a letter. 1) Is the letter voiced OR voiceless 2) When we pronounce the letter does Airflow through the Makhraj of the letter OR does Airflow stop at the Makhraj of the letter. 3) Is the back of our tongue rising up OR staying down. 4) Is the middle of the tongue rising up OR staying down.

SIFAAT ARABIC TERMINOLOGY Voiceless – همس Voiced – جهر Airflow Stops – شدة Airflow Continues – رخاوة Back of the tongue BOT does not rise - استفال rises – استعلاء Middle of the tongue MOT does not rise - انفتاح rises - اطباق

Diagram of Mouth

Letters of the Oral Cavity (الجوف) - This is the empty space in the mouth The three vowel letters and sounds originate from here: Alif, Wow, and Yaa ا always originates from here و originates from here when its saakin and a dhammah is before it ي originates from here when its saakin and a kasrah is before it

ا, و, ي

LETTERS OF THE THROAT There are six letters of the throat. غ خ ع ح ء ه

حروف الحلق - Letters of the throat خ – مخرج – أدني الحلق - Top of the throat

SIFAAT OF خ Back of tongue rises استعلاء Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة Back of tongue rises استعلاء Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Awesome/Heavy Letter

غ – مخرج – أدني الحلق – Top part of the throat

SIFAAT OF غ Back of tongue rises - استعلاء Voiced – جهر Air Flow continues - رخاوة Back of tongue rises - استعلاء Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Awesome/Heavy Letter

ح – مخرج – وسط الحلق – Middle of the throat

SIFAAT OF ح Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة Back of tongue does not riseاستفال - Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Happy/Light Letter

ع - مخرج – وسط الحلق

SIFAAT OF ع Voiced - جهر Air flow takes detour - توسط Back of tongue does not rise - استفال Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Happy/light letter

ه – مخرج – Bottom of the throat. أقصي الحلق

SIFAAT OF ه Voiceless - همس Air Flow continues - رخاوة Back of tongue does not rise استفال Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Happy/Light Letter

ء – مخرج أقصي الحلق

SIFAAT OF ء Back of tongue does not rise - استفال Voiced - جهر Air Flow stops - شدة Back of tongue does not rise - استفال Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Happy/Light Letter

LETTERS OF THE TONGUE

ق – Makhraj Extreme Back of the tongue rises and touches the soft palate above it.

ك – Makhraj Back of the tongue rises and touches the hard palate above it.

MAKHRAJ & SIFAAT OF ق & ك ق ك Extreme back of the tongue rises and touches the SOFT palate Voiced - جهر Air Flow stops at Makhraj - شدة Back of tongue rises - استعلاء Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Qalqala Back of the tongue rises and touches HARD palate Voiceless - همس Air flow stops at Makhraj - شدة Back of tongue does not rise - استفال Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح Can NOT have qalqala

Makhraj of ض When the back edge of the Tongue curls up and touches The gums of the upper five Molars.

Characteristics of Daawd Voiced - جهر Air flow continues through the Makhraj - رخاوة Back of tongue rises - استعلاء Middle of tongue rises - اطباق Awesome/Heavy letter Voice stretches along the makhraj;

Placement of Tongue – Sound is Distributed towards Right and Left, NEVER Front Teeth

Makhraj of Jeem

2. Voiced – جهر 4. Back of Tongue does 3. Airflow Not rise - استفال stops at Makhraj - شدة 4. Back of Tongue does Not rise - استفال 5. Middle of Not rise - انفتاح 6. Qalqalah Characteristics of Jeem ج Raising the middle of the tongue and touching the hard palate above it

ش Raising the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate 2. Voiceless – همس 3. Airflows through Makhraj – رخاوة 4. Back of tongue does not rise – استفال 5. Middle of not rise - انفتاح 6. Spreading of sound ش Raising the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate

ي Raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth 2. Voiced - جهر 3. Airflows through Makhraj – رخاوة 4 Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5. Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح 6. Softness in sound - اللين ي Raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth

Makhraj of ل

ل – tip of tongue touches the gums of the front top 8 teeth Back of tongue does not rise - استفال Middle of tongue does not rise – انفتاح Voiced - جهر Air flow takes Detour - توسط Makhraj of Laam shifts during pronunciation ل – tip of tongue touches the gums of the front top 8 teeth

Touching the Teeth

Detour of Airflow Airflow taking detour

LAAM DAAWD Makraj of Daawd vs. Laam

Practice Words

Makhraj & Sifaat of ن 1) Voiced - جهر 2) Airflow takes a detour (through the nasal cavity) - توسط 3) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 4) Middle of the tongue does not rise – انفتاح 5) Ghunnah - ن -The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front 6 teeth. (From one canine To the next canine)

Makhraj of the letter ن

Makhraj of ن Voiced - جهر Air flow takes a detour - توسط 3. Back of the tongue do not rise – استفال 4. Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 5. ن has ghunna (i.e. its sound comes from the Nasal cavity ن -The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front 6 teeth. (From one canine To the next canine)

Examples إِنّ ءَامَنَ ٱلنَّاس أَنُؤۡمِنُ إِنَّمَا نَحۡنُ

Makhraj of ر Voiced - جهر Airflow takes a detour - توسط 3. Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال 4. Middle of the tongue Does not rise - انفتاح 5. Trill 6. Changing of Makhraj during pronunciation The tip of the tongue and the top of the tip of the tongue rise up and touch the gums of the top four teeth.

Makhraj of ر

Makhraj of ر The letter raa has a unique quality called a trill. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9eN2B7Wj68

The position of the tongue when pronouncing the ر تفخيم (heavy) or ترقيق (light) Back of tongue Raised. Back of tongue Not Raised.

MAKHRAJ OF ت د & ط

Makhraj of ت and د ت Voiceless - همس Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة 4) Back of tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح د Voiced - جهر Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة 4) Back of tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the upper two incisors we pronounce the letters ت and د

ط Makhraj of ط When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the Voiced - جهر Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة 4) Back of the tongue rises - استعلاء 5) Middle of the tongue rises - اطباق 6) Qalqalah - قلقلة When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the upper two incisors we pronounce the letter ط

Why do they sound different? Back of the Tongue does Not rise Back and Middle of the tongue rises

ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبُ ٱسۡتَوۡقَدَ يَخۡطَفُ هُدً۬ى فَٱتَّقُواْ وَٱدۡعُواْ Practice Words  ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبُ  ٱسۡتَوۡقَدَ  يَخۡطَفُ هُدً۬ى  فَٱتَّقُواْ وَٱدۡعُواْ لِّلۡمُتَّقِينَ  أُعِدَّتۡ مُّطَهَّرَةٌ۬‌ۖ  مُهۡتَدِينَ وَيَقۡطَعُونَ أَرَادَ ٱللَّهُ

MAKHRAJ OF ث ذ & ظ

ذ ث Makhraj of ث & ذ The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة 4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح ث 2) Voiceless - همس 3) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة 4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the upper two incisors

ظ Makhraj of ظ The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Airflows through the makhraj - رخاوة 4) Back of the tongue rises - استعلاء 5) Middle of the tongue rises - اطباق The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the upper two incisors

Why do they sound different? Back and middle of tongue do not rise Back and middle of tongue rise to give a full mouth sound. Light letters Heavy letter

ذَٲلِكَ عَظِيمٌ۬ ظُلُمَـٰتٍ۬ ٱلَّذِينَ وَإِذَا أَظۡلَمَ Practice words ذَٲلِكَ عَظِيمٌ۬  ظُلُمَـٰتٍ۬ ٱلَّذِينَ  وَإِذَا أَظۡلَمَ  ءَأَنذَرۡتَهُمۡ مَثَلُهُمۡ  مِّثۡلِهِۦ عَذَابٌ ڪَثِيرً۬ا ثَمَرَةٍ۬  

MAKHRAJ OF س ص & ز

Makhraj of س Voiceless - همس Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة 3) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال 4) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 5) Whistling - الصفير The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

Makhraj of ص Voiceless - همس Air flows through the Makhraj – رخاوة 3) Back of the tongue rises - استعلاء 4) Middle of the tongue rises – اطباق 5) Whistling sound – الصفير The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

Makhraj of ز Voiced - جهر Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة 3) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال 4) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 5) Whistling - الصفير The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

LETTERS OF THE LIPS

Makhraj of ف 2) Voiceless - همس 3) Air flows through The Makhraj - رخاوة 4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح When the front two teeth press down on the inner side of the bottom lip we pronounce the letter ف

Makhraj & Sifaat of ب 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Air flow stops at The Makhraj - شدة 4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 6) Qalqalah قلقلة- When the two lips close we pronounce the letter ب

Makhraj & Sifaat of م 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Air flow takes an alternative path (through the nasal cavity) - توسط 4) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 6) Ghunnah - غنة When the two lips close we pronounce the letter م

Makhraj of و Opening the lips in a round shape pronounces the letter و 2) Voiced - جهر 3) Air flows through the Makhraj - رخاوة 4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح 6) Soft sound - اللين Opening the lips in a round shape pronounces the letter و

Let’s Look at the Makhraj and Characteristics of the Qalqala Letters

PLOSIVE CONSONANTS In phonetics, a plosive consonant also known as an oral stop is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through, and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, this sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless. When the consonant is voiced the plosive sound is called Qalqalah.

Qalqala Letters ق ط ب ج د ط – tip of tongue touches the gums of the top two teeth ب – lips close ج – middle of the tongue touches the hard palate د – tip of the tongue touches the gums of the two top teeth HOW DOES QALQALA OCCUR? Air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in the mouth usually at the site of the Makhraj.

Makhraj of Taaw

Makhraj of Baa

Makhraj of Daal

References Illustrations: All photo credits go to Dr. Ayman Swayd http://www.therightfulrecital.com/2013/12/15/ibn-al-jazaris- muqaddimah-part-8a-the-makhraj-of-%D8%B9-and- %D8%AD/

Rules of HamzatulWasl What is Hamzatul Wasl? It occurs only at the beginning of the word. It occurs without any Harakah on it. It is written as: ٱ If the reader connect the word which begins with Hamzat-Ulwassl with the letter preceding it, so the letter preceding Hamzat-Ulwasl is directly connected to the letter following Hamzat-Ulwasl.

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl Examples of skipping Hamzatul wasl وَلَهُ ٱلۡجَوَارِ ٱلۡمُنشَـَٔاتُ 

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl When we start reading from a word that begins with Hamzatul wasl, we have to pronounce the Hamzatul Wasl. Then we have to decide what vowel sign to put on it. There are three scenarios that will occur when we start our recitation with a word beginning with hamzatul wasl. Put a fatha on hamzatul wasl Put a kesra on Hamzatul Wasl Put a dhamma on Hamzatul Wasl

ٱلۡمَشۡرِقَيۡنِ ٱلۡقَمَرُ ٱلنَّجۡمُ Rules of Hamzatul Wasl 1) Fatha َ – When the second letter is Laam saakin or Laam mushaddad. i.e Laam at ta’reef. Eg. ٱلرَّيۡحَانُ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنُ ٱلشَّمۡسُ ٱلۡمَشۡرِقَيۡنِ ٱلۡقَمَرُ ٱلنَّجۡمُ   ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ ٱلشَّجَرُ ٱلسَّمَآءَ ٱلۡأَرۡضِ‌ۚ ٱلۡمِيزَانَ ٱلۡوَزۡنَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ ٱلۡبَحۡرِ ٱلۡجِنِّ

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُمۡ Kesra ِ If the second letter is not Laam at Ta’reef then we look at the third letter. If the third letter has a FATHA OR KESRA then we put a KESRA on Hamzatul Wasl. These words are normally verbs. ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُمۡ

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl 3) Dhamma ُ- If the third letter of a verb has a DHAMMA on it then we will put a DHAMMA on Hamzatul wasl.

Exceptions to the third letter Rule The following verbs are the only words in the Quran that have a dhamma on the third letter but hamzatul wasl is pronounced with a Kesra

Exceptions to the 3rd letter rule Hamzatul Wasl will be pronounced with a Kesra in nouns. The following are words we will find in the Quran that must begin with a kesra.

Rules of Hamzatul – The Tiny ن Rule If a word ends in a tanween and the next word begins with a Hamzatul Wasl then we drop one harakah from the tanween and replace it with a tiny ن with a kesra. Eg. خَيۡرًا ٱلۡوَصِيَّةُ-> خَيۡرَنِ ٱلۡوَصِيَّةُ كَرَمَادٍ ٱشۡتَدَّتۡ -> كَرَمَادِنِ ٱشۡتَدَّتۡ جَزَآءً ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰ‌ۖ -> جَزَآءَنِ ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰ‌

Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

Laam At-Ta’reef

Rules of نْ & Tanween ً ٍ ٌ

نْ & Tanween When there is a noon saakinah or tanween, we need to look at the next letter following the noon saakinah or tanween.  The letter that follows determines how the noon is pronounced, depending on the rule that is applied.  There are four rules of tajweed applied to the noon saakinah and tanween. The rules are applied to the noon saakinah in the same way that they are applied to the tanween. 

There are Four Rules of نْ & Tanween 1) إِظهار – to make clear 2) إِدغام – To merge 3) إِقلاب – To change 4) إِخفاء – to hide

Why are the rules of نْ & Tanween the same? Lets pronounce أَنْ Now pronounce أً They both sound the same and end in a نْ sound!

Why are the rules of نْ & Tanween the same? نْis a ن free from any vowel . It remains unchanged in its written form and as well as in pronunciation when continuing to read after it and when stopping on it. نْoccurs in nouns and verbs in the middle of the word and at the end of the word, and occurs in prepositions and particles only at the end of the word. The noon saakinah can have a sukoon on it, as in : , or can be written with no vowel on it, as in : . Either way, it is considered a noon saakinah The tanween is a term for an extra noon saakinah not used for emphasis, found at the end of nouns when continuing the reading, but absent from the noun in the written form (the noon of the tanween is pronounced but not written), and abandoned in pronunciation when stopping. The tanween can be accompanying a fathah, a dhammah, or a kasrah, as in: ً ٍ ٌ

إِظهار Izhar means to make clear. When نْ and tanween are followed by any of the letters of the throat ء ه ع ح غ خ we will pronounce the نْ clearly. Eg. كِتَـٰبٌ أُنزِلَ مِّنۡهُ مَنۡ خَفَّتۡ سَوَآءٌ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَٱنۡحَرۡ مِّنۡ غِلٍّ۬

إِدغام When نْ and tanween are followed by the letters in the word يرملون you will blend the نْ sound into the next letter. In other words you will put a ّon the next letter. There are two types of إِدغام: (i) Idgham with ghunnah – إِدغام بغنة (ii) Idgham without ghunnah - إِدغام بغير غنة

إِدغام بغنة قَلِيلاً۬ مَّا يَكُن مِّنَ مِن نَّارٍ وَ مَن يَقُولُ When نْ and tanween are followed by the lettersي , و, م, ن you will join the ن into these letters and stretch the ghunnah sound. Eg.: قَلِيلاً۬ مَّا يَكُن مِّنَ مِن نَّارٍ وَ  مَن يَقُولُ ظُلُمَـٰتٌ وَرَعۡدٌ وَبَرۡقٌ يَجۡعَلُونَ

إِدغام بغير غنة When noon and tanween are followed by the letters ل & ر you will join the ن into these letters without the ghunnah sound. Eg.:  مِّن رَّبِّكُمۡ هُدً۬ى لِّلۡمُتَّقِينَ وَلَـٰكِن لَّا ظُلُمَـٰتٍ۬ لَّا أَن رَّءَاهُ ٱسۡتَغۡنَىٰٓ كَلَّا لَٮِٕن لَّمۡ وَيۡلٌ۬ لِّڪُلِّ هُمَزَةٍ۬ لُّمَزَةٍ 

Exceptions to the Idgham rule The idghaam of the ن saakinah and tanween can only occur between two words. If there is a saakinah in the middle of a word followed by one of the idghaam letters, there is no merging, instead the ن is pronounced clearly (with an إظهار). In the Glorious Qur’an this only occurs with the saakinah followed by aي or a و, and in only four words. This is called:إظهار مطلق (absolute clearness).

إِقلاب لَيُنۢبَذَنَّ لَنَسۡفَعَۢا بِٱلنَّاصِيَةِ أَلِيمُۢ بِمَا When noon and tanween are followed by the letter ب we will change the noon sound into a meem and join the words Eg.: لَيُنۢبَذَنَّ لَنَسۡفَعَۢا بِٱلنَّاصِيَةِ أَلِيمُۢ بِمَا صُمُّۢ بُكۡمٌ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ

إِخفاء يُنفِقُونَ مِن قَبۡلِكَ ءَأَنذَرۡتَهُمۡ مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَهُمُ When noon and tanween are followed by any of the remaining letters ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ف ق ك you will hide the noon sound into the letter that follows it. Eg. يُنفِقُونَ مِن قَبۡلِكَ ءَأَنذَرۡتَهُمۡ مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَهُمُ  نَارً۬ا فَلَمَّآ أَنتُمۡ وَإِن ڪُنتُمۡ مِّن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ مِن ثَمَرَةٍ۬