Biochemistry: Molecules of Life ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Examples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins (includes vitamins) Nucleic Acids ATP

Carbohydrates “Carbs” Objective: B2 - Compare the structures & functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules

Function: Main energy source (quick energy) Consist of: Carbon (carbo-), Hydrogen and Oxygen (-hydrate, the atoms in water) Carbohydrates can be divided into three main groups: simple sugars storage carbohydrates structural carbohydrates

Simple Sugars Monosaccharides (mono- means one) (saccharide is Greek for “sweet” or “sugar”) glucose (blood sugar and a product of photosynthesis) fructose (fruit sugar) Disaccharides (di- means two) - 2 monosaccharides connected together sucrose (table sugar) lactose (milk sugar) C6H12O6 lactose

Polysaccharides many sugars chained together can either be a storage or a structural carbohydrate

Storage Carbohydrates are simply that, they store the sugar generally long chains (upwards of 1,000 or more) of glucose (When the body needs sugar (quick energy), it simply “plucks” a sugar off. Kind of like plucking of single grapes from a cluster. You eat one at a time, not the whole cluster at once) In plants it’s called starch (potatoes, bread, rice) In animals it’s called glycogen However, they are not the same molecule. Starch is a long chain of glucose, but glycogen is more of a “cluster” as it has many branched chains of glucose. Yet both are polysaccharides of glucose. If glucose were not stored this way, then all the glucose in the cell would be consumed very quickly. But when stored in chains, the glucose is “safe” and is only used when needed.

Structural Carbohydrates used to provide structure for the organisms in which they’re found Cellulose (in the cell walls of plants) Chitin (in the cell walls of fungi) (ID badges on the cell membrane)

Identifying Carbohydrates Roughly 90% of the time a carbohydrate ends in “-ose” Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellulose, ribose, deoxyribose, etc.

In conclusion… monomer (monosaccharide) polymer (polysaccharide)

POLYSACCHARIDES IN ANIMALS. glycogen-animal starch, stores energy POLYSACCHARIDES IN ANIMALS * glycogen-animal starch, stores energy * in arthropods, makes up the exoskeleton POLYSACCHARIDES IN PLANTS * starch! made from plants that put together glucose * cell walls are made of cellulose