Nationalism, WWI, WWII, Cold War 7th Grade Social Studies

End of the Revolution Napoleon was defeated by Britain and Prussia in 1815.

Nationalism Nationalism develops in France after the revolution. It spreads throughout Europe in the 1800s. Nationalism- strong sense of loyalty to one’s country

Italy and Germany Unify The Italian Peninsula was made of many city states in the 1800s. 1870- Italy unified Germany was also made of separate states in the 1800s. Prussia, the largest German state, led unification. 1871- Germany united

Tensions Grow in Europe Nationalism caused competition among rival countries. Competing mainly for raw materials in Africa and Asia.

Alliances Britain, France, and Russia form an alliance called the Triple Entente. German Empire and Austria-Hungary form an alliance called the Central Powers.

June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated (in Serbia) by a nationalist from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Why? Austria ruled Bosnia-Herzegovina and the group the assassin was part of disliked their ruling and wanted to unite with Serbia (a Russian ally). Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after the assassination. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary. Much of Europe is drawn into war within weeks.

The Great War WWI lasted four years. Fought in trenches Fought with machine guns, airplanes, tanks, poison gas, submarines

The End of the Great War 1917- The Communist Party seized control of Russia’s government and made peace with Germany 1917- U.S. enters the war with France and Britain 1918- Germany surrenders to France, Britain, and the U.S.

Impact of WWI 10 million soldiers and 7 million civilians lost their lives. 1919- Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles Forced to pay billions in damages (reparations) Forced to accept full blame for the war Many of Germany’s territories taken away New countries formed: Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey Treaty angered the Germans.

The Great Depression 1929- The Great Depression begins. Severe downturn in the world’s economy Further damaged Germany’s economy Adolf Hitler rises to power during this crisis.

WWII Hitler becomes leader of the Nazis (National Socialist German Workers’ Party) 1936- Germany forms an alliance with Italy Germany also allies with Japan Japan, Italy, German = Axis Powers

WWII Begins 1939- Germany invades Poland Great Britain and France (Poland’s allies) declare war on Germany Germany conquers Poland and much of Europe, including France

U.S. Attacked 1941- Japan attacks the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Prior to this, the U.S. tried to remain neutral. Pearl Harbor causes them to join sides with Britain and the Soviet Union (Allies).

Germany Surrenders May 8, 1945- Germany surrenders The Holocaust and concentration camps are made known. 6 million Jews and other victims had been murdered.

Japan Surrenders Japan continued to fight after the German surrender. U.S. drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders on September 2, 1945.

The Cold War Communist governments are established by the Soviet Union throughout Eastern Europe. Germany is divided- Communist East Germany, Democratic West Germany (Berlin Wall)

The Iron Curtain Iron Curtain- imaginary boundary that separated Eastern and Western Europe The division of Europe marked the beginning of the Cold War

The Cold War Cold War- tension between the United States and the Soviet Union United States feared the spread of communism Alliances were formed to defend against possible attack NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- Western Europe and the U.. Warsaw Pact- Communist Eastern Europe

The Cold War The two alliances never fought directly. The Korean War and the Vietnam War arose due to the conflict.

Collapse of Communism 1980s- Many Eastern European countries overthrow their Communist governments. 1991- The Soviet Union collapses Democracy replaces communism throughout Eastern Europe