Dorothea Dix By Samantha Gustafson.

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Presentation transcript:

Dorothea Dix By Samantha Gustafson

Family Born on April 4th 1802 to a poor family from Hampden, Maine Full name: Dorothea Lynde Dix (never married, no kids) Father – Joseph Dix Mother – Mary Bigelow Dix Two younger brothers Charles and Joseph

Father Joseph William Dix Came from a rich family Born: March 26th 1778 Died: April 21st 1821 Methodist preacher Moved a lot and constantly poor Prone to alcoholism and depression Abusive alcoholic (fathers death) Taught Dorothea to read and write Came from a rich family Got terminated from Harvard University Unmotivated, irresponsible, and rebellious Family disapproved his marriage to Mary Worked at a book store to get away from family after marriage

Mother Mary Bigelow Dix Born: July 15th 1779 Died: May, 1837 Suffered bouts of depression Chorea or Epilepsy Believed to have been an alcoholic as well. Came from a poor family

Brothers Charles Wesley Dix Joseph Dix Jr. Born: October, 1812 Went to work at sea Died in 1837of fever aboard a merchant vessel off the coast of Africa. Never married Born: January, 1815 Died: 1878 Prosperous merchant Owned a dry goods store in Boston Married (Sara), 1 daughter (Eva Clara Dix)

Grandmother Dorothy Lynde Dix (Madam Dix) Mother of Joseph Dix Born: May 23rd, 1746 Died: April 29th, 1837 - Influenza Mother of Joseph Dix Wealthy Not well educated, emotionless, intense, unsympathetic, and believed to be emotionally abusive Picked on Dorothea’s insecurities Resented Dorothea for Pursuing careers rather than remaining at home to fulfill her “duties.”

Childhood Never got the affection and love she desired from her parents Parents were high-strung and focused on their own problems Parents believed in harsh punishment starting at 1 year old Methodist Discipline – Children are to be seen, not heard (Crying, disobeying, begging) Dorothea suffered physical and emotional abuse as a child The abuse lead to a lot of built up anger Dorothea used to separate herself from her parents (Clamed to be an orphan)

Childhood Ran away from her home at the age of 12 to live with her grandmother in Boston Was able to enroll in several years of education Given many chores and responsibilities One of her best childhood memories was when she got to make a shirt while being supervised closely by her grandmother Spent a lot of her adolescence bouncing between her grandmother’s house and her Aunt Sara Fiske’s house who also helped to care for her brothers. Desired to become independent and strong due to her heightened sense of ambition Wished to raise her brothers so she could love and teach them properly Drove her into becoming a teacher

Teaching Opened a school for children in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1816-1819 She was 14 years old at the time of opening, 17 at time of closure Ran the school from a room in one of her uncle’s buildings (few benches, chairs, and cots). She would wear very long skirts and sleeves so she appeared to be more adultlike and respectable Ran the school with stern authority The school granted her the independence she was craving

Teaching In 1821 Dorothea open an elementary school out of the Dix Mansion where she lived with her grandmother. Covered grammar, reading, arithmetic, manners, and religious versus/scriptures Received students from prominent family's all over Boston and surrounding areas Later opened another school within Dix Mansion that catered to poor students Suffered from many illnesses along with depression but still taught classes In her free time she published her first book “Conversations on Common Things” (1825) Book sold successfully Closed schools in 1830

Teaching Opened an all girls school in the Dix Mansion in 1831 Accepted boarding students, upper class students, and poor students Offered free lessons to poor students as well Covered character building, religion, morals, natural history, French, astronomy, and mineralogy Started to become known as a reformer Dorothea was greatly respected by her students and genuinely cared for her students well being. Closed in 1837 due to Dorothea reoccurring bad health and traveled to Europe Rathbones

Prisons Got offered to teach Sunday school to women at the East Cambridge House of Correction on March 28th, 1841. Several women suffered from mental illnesses and were kept with prison population Conditions were awful; no heat, little ventilation, and terrible hygiene Court ordered the jail to provide heat to inmates along with the basic necessities This was where her passion to help the mentally ill all started She was able to get a promise from the court that the women would be given warm rooms

Institutions 1839 Dorothea visited a hospital for the mentally ill in south Boston Replaced the Boston Lunatic Hospital 1 out of ever 6 regained their sanity Housed poor and wealthy people that were considered incurable Patients read, played games, gardened, and could move around the grounds freely, housed in apartment like dwellings, and everyone ate together. Patients demeanor was considered healthy, happy, and content Dorothea planned to base her ideas off this hospital

Campaign From 1841 through 1845 Dorothea traveled to many prisons and documented the treatment of mentally ill in prisons Began to seek out support from legislators through letters (Charles Dickens) She proposed the creation of mental asylums to house people suffering from mental illnesses The asylums would allow the proper care and services to be provided to the mentally ill Eventually an expansion to a state mental hospital in Worchester was granted in 1843

Land Bill Dorothea’s first congressional petition Printed on June, 17th 1848 10 million acres of land for mentally ill, blind, and deaf Due to Dorothea the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate passed the bill requesting land be provided to build institutions for the mentally ill in 1851 (shortly tabled). Bill ended up being vetoed by president Franklin Pierce in 1854 (states would demand federal aid) Dorothea then went state by state getting land or expansions granted to build proper institutions for the mentally

Institutions While Dorothea was traveling state by state getting land or expansions granted to build proper institutions for the mentally ill Senator John Adams Dix (New York) and Horace Mann (House of Representatives) Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina and North Carolina Dorothea also went to Europe and got the pope to construct a new hospital 1852 Dorothea helped the U.S. senate generate $100,000 for an establishment of an institution for the district of Colombia and U.S. Army and Navy

Institutions Between 1850-1854 she worked on reforming legislation in Canada with Hugh Bell (mayor of Halifax) She visited many prisons in 1843, 1844, 1848, and 1849 and found in similar conditions as ones in the U.S. Unfortunately the bills failed (Not a social problem) They were able to get legislation to grant 5,000 pounds to fund a facility for the mentally ill in 1853 In 1856 she also helped gain funding for the Government Hospital for the Insane in Washington D.C. Later renamed Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital Due to constructional issues it wasn’t finished till 1874

Civil War When the civil war started in 1861 Dorothea volunteered to be a nurse within one week (Washington) Mental hospitals were considered mental hospitals for wounded soldiers Two months in she was promoted to Superintendent of Union Army Nurses but was Chose to work independently and confidently did not get along well with others Rented a town house as a clearing station for nurses (certified nurses) Dorothea finished her work as a nurse at the end of the war in 1866 (64 years old)

Post-war activity She wanted to build her relationships with the super intendants of her institutions Wrote letters day and night In 1866 Dorothea raised $8,000 to build a monument to the Union dead For the 6,000 American soldiers who died (memorialize self-sacrifice)

Due to the many illnesses Dorothea suffered from she died in 1887. She lived her last years in Morris Plains state hospital in New Jersey. Which was established in honor of all the reforming she has done throughout her life. Due to Dorothea’s efforts 32 institutions were built all over the united states

Discussion Do you think that Dorothea would have had a more or less difficult time achieving all her accomplishments if she was a man? How big of an impact do you think her childhood had who she was as an adult? A lot of the mentally ill are still being put in prisons today, how do you think Dorothea would react to this?

Sources https://www.biography.com/people/dorothea-dix-9275710 http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/dorothea-lynde-dix http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/dorotheadix.html http://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb- 9780198606697-e-1500181 Voice For the Mad: The Life of Dorothea Dix – David Gollaher Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix – Francis Tiffany The Lady and the President – Charles M. Snyder