Chapter 17 STRESS AND HEALTH HOLT Psychology 11/10/2018 Chapter 17 STRESS AND HEALTH Section 1: What Is Stress? Section 2: Responses to Stress Section 3: Physical Effects of Stress Section 4: Psychological Factors and Health Section 5: Ways of Coping with Stress Chapter 17

Question: What are some of the main causes of stress? Chapter 17 Section 1: What Is Stress? Question: What are some of the main causes of stress? MAIN CAUSES OF STRESS Frustration – being blocked from obtaining a goal Daily Hassles – everyday frustrations everyone experiences Conflict – being pulled in two or more directions by opposing forces or motives

RESPONSES TO STRESS Chapter 17 Section 2: Responses to Stress Question: What are the factors that determine one’s responses to stress? RESPONSES TO STRESS Self-efficacy Expectations – beliefs people have that they can accomplish goals that they set for themselves Psychological Hardiness – a personality characteristic that helps people withstand stress Sense of Humor – the idea that humor lightens the burdens of life

RESPONSE TO STRESS (continued) Chapter 17 Section 2: Responses to Stress Question: What are the factors that determine one’s responses to stress? RESPONSE TO STRESS (continued) Predictability – ability to predict a stressor that seems to reduce the amount of stress that it causes Social Support – presence and interest of other people

GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME Chapter 17 Section 3: Physical Effects of Stress Question: What is the general adaptation syndrome, and how does stress affect the immune system? GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME General Adaptation Syndrome – the body’s similar responses to different types of stresses EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Prevents disease by producing white blood cells that destroy disease-causing microorganisms, worn-out body cells, and cells that have become malignant

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HEALTH Headaches Heart Disease Cancer Chapter 17 Section 4: Psychological Factors and Health Question: How can psychological factors contribute to headaches, heart disease, and cancer? PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HEALTH Headaches Heart Disease Cancer

Question: In what ways can people cope with stress? Chapter 17 Section 5: Ways of Coping with Stress Question: In what ways can people cope with stress? COPING WITH STRESS – DEFENSE COPING Defense coping – one way to reduce the immediate effects of a stressor Substance Abuse – use of alcohol, tranquilizers, and other drugs to reduce the feeling of stress Aggression – use of aggression and violence to cope with stress Withdrawal – turning away from a stressful situation Suicide – ultimate form of withdrawal Defense Mechanisms – protect the ego from anxiety

Question: In what ways can people cope with stress? Chapter 17 Section 5: Ways of Coping with Stress Question: In what ways can people cope with stress? COPING WITH STRESS Active Coping – involves changing the environment or situation to remove stressors or changing one’s response to stress so that it is no longer harmful Changing stressful thoughts Relaxation Exercise

Chapter 18 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS HOLT Psychology 11/10/2018 Chapter 18 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders? Section 2: Anxiety Disorders Section 3: Dissociative Disorders Section 4: Somatoform Disorders Section 5: Mood Disorders Section 6: Schizophrenia Section 7: Personality Disorders Chapter 18

Question: What is the basis for classifying psychological disorders? Chapter 18 Section 1: What Are Psychological Disorders? Question: What is the basis for classifying psychological disorders? CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Most psychologists believe that it is important to have a widely agreed upon classification of psychological disorders It is important to classify psychological disorders so that individuals can be correctly diagnosed and treated

Question: What are anxiety disorders? Chapter 18 Section 2: Anxiety Disorders Question: What are anxiety disorders? ANXIETY DISORDERS Feeling anxious all or most of the time or having anxiety that is out of proportion to the situation provoking it Anxiety that interferes with effective living, the achievement of desired goals, life satisfaction, and emotional comfort

Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? Chapter 18 Section 3: Dissociative Disorders Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? FOUR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia – characterized by a sudden loss of memory usually following a particularly stressful or traumatic event Dissociative Fugue – characterized not only by forgetting personal information and past events but also by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity

Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? Chapter 18 Section 3: Dissociative Disorders Question: What are the four dissociative disorders? FOUR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS (continued) Dissociative Identity Disorder – involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual Depersonalization Disorder – feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body

Question: How do the two most common somatoform disorders differ? Chapter 18 Section 4: Somatoform Disorders Question: How do the two most common somatoform disorders differ? DIFFERENCES IN SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Conversion disorder is characterized by a sudden and severe loss of physical functioning that has no medical explanation. Hypochondriasis is the unhealthy fear of having a serious disorder

Question: How do psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders? Chapter 18 Section 5: Mood Disorders Question: How do psychologists attempt to explain mood disorders? PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF MOOD DISORDERS Some people are prone to depression because they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood Some believe that learned helplessness makes people prone to depression Others believe that some people are prone to depression because of their habitual style of explaining life events

Question: What are the subtypes of schizophrenia? Chapter 18 Section 6: Schizophrenia Question: What are the subtypes of schizophrenia? SUBTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Paranoid Schizophrenia – delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations relating to a single theme Disorganized Schizophrenia – incoherent in their thoughts and speech and disorganized in their behavior Catatonic Schizophrenia – disturbance of movement

PERSONALITY DISORDERS Chapter 18 Section 7: Personality Disorders Question: How do personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders? PERSONALITY DISORDERS A personality disorder is part of an individual’s makeup influencing virtually all behavior and thought Other psychological disorders tend to be discrete episodes of illness than can be distinguished from the individual’s usual behavior

Chapter 19 METHODS OF THERAPY HOLT Psychology 11/10/2018 Chapter 19 METHODS OF THERAPY Section 1: What Is Therapy? Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach Section 3: The Humanistic Approach Section 4: Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy Section 5: Biological Therapy Chapter 19

PSYCHOTHERAPY Chapter 19 Section 1: What Is Therapy? Question: What is psychotherapy, and what are the advantages of each method of psychotherapy? PSYCHOTHERAPY Psychotherapy is psychologically based therapy. Advantages of each type: Some people do better with individual therapy because they need more personal attention than they would receive as part of a group Group therapy helps people realize that they are not alone and that it enables people to see others benefiting from the therapy

Question: What are the major techniques of psychoanalysis? Chapter 19 Section 2: The Psychoanalytic Approach Question: What are the major techniques of psychoanalysis? MAJOR TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Free Association – the analyst asks the client to relax and then to say whatever comes to mind – taps into unconscious thoughts and feelings Dream Analysis – analyst interprets the content of clients’ dreams to unlock these unconscious thoughts and feelings Transference – the patient’s transfer of emotions associated with other relationships to the therapist

GOALS OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Chapter 19 Section 3: The Humanistic Approach Question: What are the primary goals and methods of humanistic therapy? GOALS OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Primary goal is to help individuals reach their full potential by developing self-awareness and self-acceptance Assumes that people with psychological problems merely need help tapping their inner resources so that they can grow and reach their full potential

METHODS OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Chapter 19 Section 3: The Humanistic Approach Question: What are the primary goals and methods of humanistic therapy? METHODS OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Person-Centered Therapy – clients receive help finding their true selves and realizing their unique potential Nondirective Therapy – the client is seen as an equal of the therapist

Question: How do cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people? Chapter 19 Section 4: Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy Question: How do cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people? HOW THERAPISTS TRY TO HELP Cognitive therapists use rational-emotive therapy and Beck’s cognitive restructuring therapy Behavioral therapists use counter conditioning and operant conditioning

THREE MAJOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Chapter 19 Section 5: Biological Therapy Question: What are the three major biological treatments for psychological disorders? THREE MAJOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Drug Therapy – consists of prescription drugs for the treatment of psychological disorders Electroconvulsive Therapy – a controversial treatment consisting of electric-shock therapy Psychosurgery – brain surgery used to treat psychological disorders