Monday, January 8, 2018 Agenda: Needed Supplies: Be an INQUIRER Today! Needed Supplies: Pencil Binder Notebook Agenda: Begin notes in graphic organizer on Earthquakes Bell Work: What do you know about earthquakes? ATL Skills: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations NO Gum Please Learning Objective: Students will be able to understand the relationship between forces and motion of an object.

Question: What do you already know about earthquakes? Think Pair Share Question: What do you already know about earthquakes? Take turns with your partner listing everything you already know about earthquakes

Tuesday, January 9, 2018 Agenda: Needed Supplies: Be a THINKER Today! Needed Supplies: Pencil Binder Notebook Agenda: Finish notes in graphic organizer on Earthquakes Bell Work: What causes an earthquake? ATL Skills: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations NO Gum Please Learning Objective: Students will be able to understand the relationship between forces and motion of an object.

What are Earthquakes? Earthquake: The shaking or trembling of the ground caused by the sudden movement (release of energy) Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks due to stress Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks

What is a fault? Fault: is a fracture, or break in the Earth’s lithosphere, along which blocks of rock move past each other Types of faults – Normal Fault - tension Reverse Fault - compression Strike-Slip Fault - shearing

What is stress? Stress: is the amount of force exerted when an object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another object

How does pressure affect a solid material? Turn to page 45 in your “The Changing Earth” textbook.

Where do most earthquakes occur? This map show the locations of moderate to intense earthquakes from 1993-2002

Ring of Fire Pacific Ocean

Types of Faults Normal Fault – the block of rock above the fault plane slides down relative to the other block of rock. These faults occur near divergent boundaries Stress (tension) pulls the rocks apart Earthquakes are common Example: Great Rift Valley in Africa

Types of Faults Reverse Fault – the block of rock above the fault plane moves up relative to the other block of rock. Stress(compression) that presses the rock together causes a reverse fault These faults occur near convergent boundaries Example: Himalaya Mountains – the Indian Plate is pushing into the Eurasian Plate

Types of Faults Strike-Slip Fault – blocks of rock move sideways on either side of the fault plane Stresses (shearing) that push blocks of rock horizontally cause earthquakes These faults occur where plates scrape past each other These faults occur near transform boundaries Example: The San Andreas Fault in California

Magnitude Richter Scale - Scale developed in California during the 1930’s by scientist Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg Based on a scale of 0-10 8 or higher is considered extremely powerful Magnitude is based on how fast the ground moves at a seismic station Moment Magnitude Scale – based on the total amounts of energy released by earthquakes New more accurate scale used (used in our book to measure magnitude) For each scale, an increase of one whole number indicates an increase of 32 times as much energy than the previous number Example - magnitude 5 EQ releases 32 times more energy than a magnitude 4 EQ Mercalli Scale - The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people awakening, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and finally - total destruction.

A smaller EQ that follows a more powerful EQ in the same area Aftershock A smaller EQ that follows a more powerful EQ in the same area Other damage – broken pipes and fires can cause great damage after an EQ The moving of the ground usually does not injure people – they are injured/killed by building collapsing on them

The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake Focus - The point within (inside) Earth where faulting/breaking of rock begins or hypocenter Epicenter – The point directly above the focus (where rocks break and move) on the surface is the epicenter

Waves of energy released as vibrations caused by an earthquake Seismic Waves Waves of energy released as vibrations caused by an earthquake

Seismic Waves Primary Waves (P waves) Secondary Waves (S waves) Fastest (arrive first) Travel through liquids & solids Push and pull waves Secondary Waves (S waves) Arrive second Cannot travel through liquid

Seismic Waves Surface Waves Move along the Earth’s surface Not through the interior Make the ground roll up and down Largest movements Cause the most damage

Seismographs Seismograph – is an instrument that constantly records ground movements Separate seismographs record side-to-side movements and up-and–down movements When the ground moves in an earthquake, the heavy weight moves and the pen attached to the weight records the movements Turn to page 57 in your book

Liquefaction Liquefaction – a process in which shaking of the ground causes soil to act like a liquid Soil becomes like a thick soup Occurs in areas where the ground is made up of loose sand and silt and contains large amounts of water

Tsunami Tsunami – a wave of water triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide Sometimes called tidal waves Can be several waves that arrive hours apart

Predicting Earthquakes Can only give long term predictions based on the EQ risk of an area Scientists monitor stress along faults Tilts or changes in the elevation of the ground Slow movements or stretching in rock The development of small cracks in the ground

Earthquake –Resistant Buildings Base-isolators – placed between a building and its foundation. They are flexible layers that are stacked Open space/moat – open space give the building room to shake Shear walls – add strength to the structure with steel supports Cross braces – X shaped braces help building keep its shape during shaking

Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations Wednesday, January 10, 2018 Be a Inquirier Today! Needed Supplies: Pencil Binder Notebook Agenda: Earthquake webquest! Bell Work: What are the different seismic waves called and how are they different? ATL Skills: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations NO Gum Please Learning Objective: Students will be able to understand the relationship between forces and motion of an object.

Thursday, January 11, 2018 Agenda: Needed Supplies: Finish Webquest Be a Inquirier Today! Needed Supplies: Pencil Binder Notebook Agenda: Finish Webquest Earthquake Rotation Lab! Bell Work: What are the different types of faults? What boundaries are they found at? ATL Skills: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations NO Gum Please Learning Objective: Students will be able to understand the relationship between forces and motion of an object.

Friday, January 12, 2018 Needed Supplies: Agenda: Be a Inquirier Today! Needed Supplies: Pencil Binder Notebook Agenda: Finish Earthquake Rotation Lab! Bell Work: What is a seismograph? ATL Skills: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations NO Gum Please Learning Objective: Students will be able to understand the relationship between forces and motion of an object.

Rotation Lab - order Do these After Illustrate it Organize it Do these last in this order Write it Assess it Do these first in any order Read it Watch it Research it Explore it

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