Predation is a straight-forward interspecies population interaction Predation is a straight-forward interspecies population interaction. One species uses another as a food resource. Predators play an important role in controlling prey population numbers in some systems. In simple systems, the predator-prey relationship results in coupled population osscilations

prey numbers increase, predator numbers increase…to a point where the predation causes population decline in the prey item..

Idealized predator-prey coupled dynamics. It is important to note that in most systems the food web- the web of interactions among species- is far more complex than just a single predator and single prey item. The relationships can become quite complex and the “coupled” nature of the interaction becomes much more vague. Figure 14.2c

In general, predator-prey relationships are much more complex than that displayed by lynx-hare oscillations. Very often, but not always, an increase in prey density results in a straight-forward increase in predator population size. Figure 14.7 In this case often, but not always, an increase in prey density results in a straight-forward increase in predator population size.

The action of predators in the face of increasing prey availability can take different forms. In the top panel, as the number of prey items (Microtus) increases, the number killed by the predator increases in a linear fashion. In the middle panel- as the density of rodents increases, the percentage of the population killed by weasels declines in a curvilinear fashion In the bottom panel, as the number of available prey items (sixth instar larvae) increases, the number of those found in the gut of the predator (bird) increases – the bird eats more- and then levels off. There are various potential explanations of this, one being that the bird population is “satiated” at certain densities. Figure 14.4

Prey are variable in value. Don’t want to spend time & energy on prey items that are energetically expensive to process (if other options are available). Figure 14.10

Predator-prey relationships can include: Figure 14.21 Predator-prey relationships can include: pulse, lag, response, lag, response- timing

Now can you answer the wolf songbird riddle? Predator-prey relationships often have ramifications for other parts of the ecosystem. The hare-lynx relationship is an example. Hares eat twigs, more hares = more damage to trees. More lynx = fewer hares and less damage to trees. Now can you answer the wolf songbird riddle? Figure 14.26

Predator-prey relationships are dynamic They are influenced by climate dynamics, changes in food availability for the prey species, and dynamics in other areas of the food web (to be discussed later in the semester) Predator-prey relationships also are dynamic through evolutionary time. Often involve an evolutionary “arms race.” Natural selection simultaneously driving the predators toward greater hunting efficiency and the prey toward traits that help them avoid being eaten.

Tactics of the Predator 1) Invisibility Cloak (cryptic coloration/ camouflage) Figure 14.1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__XA6B41SQQ

Tactics of the Predator 2) Patience is a Virtue (Hide and Wait) Figure 14.1

Tactics of the Predator 3) Death by Poisoning (Venoms) Figure 14.1

Tactics of the Predator 4) “Right this Way Please”: trap-doors, nets, and other deadly devices. Figure 14.1

Tactics of the Predator 5) Bigger, Badder, Faster 200 mph Figure 14.1 700 lbs & built to kill What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? William Blake 17,000 lbs, and perhaps as smart as you http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWsN63PRCW8

Tactics of the Predator Combinations- Invisibility Cloak; Patience; Bigger, Badder, Faster Dr. Laurie Marker: Dropped out of school at 20, tried to start a vineyard- discovered that wildlife conservation was her life passion, became world renown expert. Figure 14.1 www.cheetah.org

Responses of the Prey 1) Invisibility Cloak (cryptic coloration/ camouflage) Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 2) FLEE!!!! Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 3) Eat me and die (poisons and aposematic coloration): Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 4) “Shields up”: (armor): Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 5) “Who wants fetid flesh for dinner? Surely not a proud hunter like yourself” (play dead): Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 6) Mimicry: Batesian mimicry- looks like a toxic model- but is non-toxic Figure 14.17b Mullerian mimicry- looks like a toxic model- AND is toxic

Responses of the Prey 6) Disguise: Figure 14.17b

Responses of the Prey 6) Strength in Numbers: Figure 14.17b

Herbivory, a special case of predation… Not really- herbivory involves the taking of plant material by an animal herbivore- is almost always non-fatal, and can sometimes be an advantage for the plant- or at least stimulate growth and promote community diversity... Herbivory generally becomes a problem when the ecological system is out of balance. E.g., invasive insects (gypsy moth)- or the loss of predators (white-tailed deer) Figure 14.16

Herbivore-plant relationships also can evolve into an “arms race” Plants evolve armor (thorns, spines, prickles), toxicity, implant cells with silica, and sometimes symbiotic relationships to defend foliage. Figure 14.25

Plants evolve thorns, animals evolve morphology and behavioral techniques to avoid thorns. Plants get taller, change canopy structure, animals get taller. Figure 14.25

Plants trick animals into doing their bidding: Plants want some parts eaten (fruits) for seed dispersal, only after the seed has matured (thus ripening), and plants do not want foliage eaten… Figure 14.25

Plants that grow in lush conditions, simply outgrow herbivores. The expense of herbivore defense is only worth it if the foliage is very valuable. Plants that live it harsh conditions, can’t afford to rebuild foliage, so develop defenses. Plants that grow in lush conditions, simply outgrow herbivores. Figure 14.25