Economics 172 Issues in African Economic Development Lecture 7 February 7, 2006

Outline: Miguel and Kremer (2004) – empirical results on health, externalities, education Economics 172

Health, nutrition impacts (1999) Group 1 (T) Group 2 (C) G1–G2 Rate of moderate-heavy infection 0.27 0.52 -0.25* Sick in past week 0.41 0.45 -0.04* Height for age -1.13 -1.22 0.09* (Z-score) Hemoglobin (Hb) 124.8 123.2 1.6 Economics 172

Within-school infection externalities (1999) Group 1 (T) Group 1 (T) Group 2 (C) (Treated) (Untreated) Rate of moderate-heavy Infection, 1999 0.24 0.34 0.52 Economics 172

Within-school infection externalities (1999) Group 1 (T) Group 1 (T) Group 2 (C) (Treated) (Untreated) Rate of moderate-heavy Infection, 1999 0.24 0.34 0.52 Rate of moderate-heavy Infection, 1998 0.39 0.41 - Economics 172

Cross-school infection externalities (1999) Large reductions in moderate-heavy infection levels within 6 km of treatment schools in 1999 Economics 172

Economics 172

Economics 172

Cross-school infection externalities (1999) Large reductions in moderate-heavy infection levels within 6 km of treatment schools in 1999 An average reduction in moderate-heavy infections of 23 percentage points in the study area can be attributed to cross-school externalities Economics 172

Educational impacts – school participation “School participation” data collected by enumerators during unannounced primary school visits Economics 172

Educational impacts – school participation “School participation” data collected by enumerators during unannounced primary school visits Group 1 (T) Group 2 (C) Group 3 (C) Younger girls, and all boys 0.84 0.73 0.77 Older girls ( 13 years) 0.86 0.80 0.81 Pre-school, Grades 1-2 0.80 0.69 0.70 Grades 6-8 0.93 0.86 0.89 Economics 172

Educational impacts – academic tests Standardized academic exams administered in grades 3-8 in 1998 and 1999 Why might deworming affect test scores? Economics 172

Educational impacts – academic tests Standardized academic exams administered in grades 3-8 in 1998 and 1999 Why might deworming affect test scores? 1) Increased time in school (+) 2) Greater efficiency of learning (+) Economics 172

Educational impacts – academic tests Standardized academic exams administered in grades 3-8 in 1998 and 1999 Why might deworming affect test scores? 1) Increased time in school (+) 2) Greater efficiency of learning (+) But the average test gain from deworming is zero. Why? Economics 172

Educational impacts – academic tests Standardized academic exams administered in grades 3-8 in 1998 and 1999 Why might deworming affect test scores? 1) Increased time in school (+) 2) Greater efficiency of learning (+) But the average test gain from deworming is zero. Why? Congestion effects in the classroom Time lags Economics 172

Cost-benefit calculations Economics 172

Economics 172

Whiteboard #1 Economics 172

Whiteboard #2 Economics 172

Whiteboard #3 Economics 172

Whiteboard #4 Economics 172

Whiteboard #5 Economics 172

Map of Africa Economics 172