Chapter 22 – The Respiratory System

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Chapter 22 – The Respiratory System Review – Gas Exchange Chapter 22 – The Respiratory System

Internal Respiration Capillary gas exchange in body tissues Partial pressures and diffusion gradients reversed compared to external respiration Tissue Po2 always lower than in systemic arterial blood  oxygen from blood to tissues CO2  from tissues to blood Venous blood Po2 40 mm Hg and Pco2 45 mm Hg © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.17 Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body. Inspired air: PO2 PCO2 160 mm Hg 0.3 mm Hg Alveoli of lungs: PO2 PCO2 104 mm Hg 40 mm Hg External respiration Alveoli Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins (PO2 100 mm Hg) Blood leaving tissues and entering lungs: Blood leaving lungs and entering tissue capillaries: PO2 PCO2 40 mm Hg 45 mm Hg PO2 PCO2 100 mm Hg 40 mm Hg Heart Systemic veins Systemic arteries Internal respiration Tissues: PO2 less than 40 mm Hg PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood Oxygen (O2) transport Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

O2 Transport Molecular O2 carried in blood 1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs 4 O2 per Hb © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

O2 and Hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)-hemoglobin-O2 combination Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) (HHb)-hemoglobin that has released O2 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

O2 and Hemoglobin Loading and unloading of O2 facilitated by change in shape of Hb As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2 increases As O2 is released, Hb affinity for O2 decreases Fully saturated (100%) if all four heme groups carry O2 Partially saturated when one to three hemes carry O2 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

O2 and Hemoglobin Rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulated to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to cells Po2 Temperature Blood pH Pco2 Concentration of BPG–produced by RBCs during glycolysis; levels rise when oxygen levels chronically low © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Influence of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation In arterial blood Po2 = 100 mm Hg Contains 20 ml oxygen per 100 ml blood (20 vol %) Hb is 98% saturated Further increases in Po2 (e.g., breathing deeply) produce minimal increases in O2 binding © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Influence of Po2 on Hemoglobin Saturation In venous blood Po2 = 40 mm Hg Contains 15 vol % oxygen Hb is 75% saturated Venous reserve Oxygen remaining in venous blood © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostatic Imbalance Hypoxia Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues  cyanosis Anemic hypoxia–too few RBCs; abnormal or too little Hb Ischemic hypoxia–impaired/blocked circulation Histotoxic hypoxia–cells unable to use O2, as in metabolic poisons Hypoxemic hypoxia–abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease Carbon monoxide poisoning–especially from fire; 200X greater affinity for Hb than oxygen © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

CO2 Transport CO2 transported in blood in three forms 7 to 10% dissolved in plasma 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transport and Exchange of CO2 CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly dissociates Occurs primarily in RBCs, where carbonic anhydrase reversibly and rapidly catalyzes reaction © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transport and Exchange of CO2 In systemic capillaries HCO3– quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma Chloride shift occurs Outrush of HCO3– from RBCs balanced as Cl– moves into RBCs from plasma © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 22.22a Transport and exchange of CO2 and O2. Tissue cell Interstitial fluid (dissolved in plasma) Binds to plasma proteins Slow Chloride shift (in) via transport protein Fast Carbonic anhydrase (Carbamino- hemoglobin) Red blood cell (dissolved in plasma) Blood plasma Oxygen release and carbon dioxide pickup at the tissues © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transport and Exchange of CO2 In pulmonary capillaries HCO3– moves into RBCs (while Cl- move out); binds with H+ to form H2CO3 H2CO3 split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water CO2 diffuses into alveoli © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 22.22b Transport and exchange of CO2 and O2. Alveolus Fused basement membranes (dissolved in plasma) Slow Chloride shift (out) via transport protein Fast Carbonic anhydrase (Carbamino- hemoglobin) Red blood cell (dissolved in plasma) Blood plasma Oxygen pickup and carbon dioxide release in the lungs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.