Migration Ch. 3 - Migration

Where are Migrants Distributed? Key Issue #1

Global Migration Patterns Migration occurs from less developed to more developed countries.

US Immigration Patterns 17th-18th century (colonial) England (voluntary migration) and Africa (forced migration) 19th century-20th century 1840s-1850s – N. and W. Europe 1870s-1880s – N. and W. Europe 1900s-1910s – S. and E. Europe Late 20th century – present Asia and Latin America

Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? Key Issue #2

Migration between Regions within the US Changing centers of population

Migration between Regions within the US 1790: Hugging the coast 1800 – 1840: Crossing the Appalachians 1850 – 1890: Rushing to the Gold 1900 – 1940: Filling in the Great Plains 1950 – 2010: Moving South

Migration in other countries Russia Canada China Brazil

Migration within one region Migration from Rural to Urban Areas 75% of the US is urban Worldwide, 20 million people go from rural to urban Seek economic improvement Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas In the US, more move from urban to suburban areas Suburbs have advantages (schools, yards, streets, safety, etc.)

Migration within one region Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas Counterurbanization Internet allows jobs to be done nearly anywhere Older people leave the hustle and bustle for countryside Future of migration trends is hard to tell

Why Do People Migrate? Key Issue #3

Push and Pull Factors Economic – resources, job prospect, etc. Cultural – slavery, political instability (refugees and democratic freedom), etc. Environmental – attractive v. hazardous environments, health reasons, too much or too little water, etc. Intervening Obstacles – environmental or cultural features that hinder migration (less of an issue now)

Simple Migration Model Location A Location B PUSH PULL Migration

Lee’s Model of Migration Location A Location B Intervening Obstacles - + - +

Lee’s Model: Characteristics Doesn’t isolate specific push/pull factors Every location has a range of attributes - negative + positive 0 neutral Different people will have different perceptions of the push/pull factors - + - +

Ravenstein’s Laws Most people migrate for economic reasons Cultural and environmental factors induce migration Each migration flow produces a counter-flow Most migrants relocate a short distance within the same county Why? Distance Decay! Long-distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity Most long-distance migrants are male (nowadays, more women are migrating) Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals (not families with children)

Distance of Migration International v. internal migration Interregional v. intraregional migration

Distance of Migration International Migration Voluntary v. forced Migration Transition International – stage 2 country to a stage 3 or 4 country Stage 2 Internal – farm to city Stage 3 or 4 Internal – cities to suburbs

Characteristics of Migrants Gender of migrants 1st wave – generally male 2nd wave – generally female Family status of migrants Mostly adults seeking work Many leave the home country and send money back home to families

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Key Issue #4

US Quota Laws Quota Acts – 1921, 1924, 1965 Country vs. hemisphere quotas In the US, talented professionals and skilled workers get selected the most. Can lead to a brain drain, or large-scale emigration by talented people.

Immigration Policies of Host Countries Temporary migration for work Guest workers Take low pay and low-skill jobs Earn more than they would at home In Europe, most come from N. Africa, the Middle East, E. Europe, and Asia

Immigration Policies of Host Countries Time-Contract Workers Recruited to work for a period of time. Why do most stay in the new country? Migrants v. Refugees Cuba – political refugees Haiti – economic refugees Vietnam – most were political

Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries US toward (legal and undocumented/unauthorized) immigrants Suspicious of newcomers Prior to 1900, immigrants received a lot of hostility Prop 187 (CA) and SB 1070 (AZ) Attitudes toward guest workers Poor social conditions Many western Europeans dislike guest workers