Plain radiographs are the gold standard for the initial workup of a child with a limp and can often be diagnostic, especially when a fracture is identified.

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Presentation transcript:

Plain radiographs are the gold standard for the initial workup of a child with a limp and can often be diagnostic, especially when a fracture is identified. Some abnormal findings, however, require additional imaging to narrow the differential diagnosis. In this case, there is distal metaphyseal lucency (arrows) involving the right tibia with associated soft tissue swelling and periosteal reaction. Findings are suspicious for an aggressive process such as osteomyelitis or neoplasm.

T1-weighted images show extensive abnormal marrow replacement (arrows); post-contrast sagittal image demonstrates intense abnormal enhancement. This constellation of imaging findings is characteristic of an infiltrative neoplastic process – in this particular case, leukemia. MRI highlights the aggressive marrow involvement, shows the full extent of disease, and facilitates the correct diagnosis.

A 7-year-old with a history of leukemia has been in remission for 2 years. She presents with acute onset of right ankle pain and swelling, initially diagnosed clinically with ankle sprain. Notice, however, the subtle abnormal sclerotic appearance of the distal tibia. ACR Appropriateness Criteria1 state that MRI may be appropriate as follow-up to radiography in the setting of a persistent limp in a child with negative results on radiographs and a nonfocal exam; in the setting of a focal clinical exam when follow-up studies are indicated; and in pediatric patients with suspected septic arthritis. 1. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: limping child-ages 0-5 years. http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonPediatricImaging/LimpingChildUpdateinProgressDoc6.aspx Accessed January 9, 2012.

Coronal T1-weighted image shows multiple areas of abnormal low signal within the marrow of the distal tibia (arrows). Fat-suppressed, sagittal T2, and sagittal T1 post-gadolinium images show abnormal hyperintense T2 signal in these same areas, as well as corresponding subtle abnormal enhancement. These findings unfortunately are diagnostic of relapse of her leukemia.

T1 coronal image reveals abnormal heterogeneous signal intensity throughout most of the left tibia marrow; note the normal homogeneous signal in the right tibia for comparison. T2 sagittal image of the left tibia demonstrates extensive heterogeneous signal and highlights a large subperiosteal abscess posteriorly (arrow). MRI is highly sensitive for detection of suspected osteomyelitis and can help distinguish toxic synovitis from septic arthritis; bone marrow signal abnormalities are more common in the latter. 2 Other entities where MRI may be diagnostic in the setting of normal plain radiographs include early stress fracture and early Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.3-5 2. Yang WJ, Im SA, Lim GY, et al. MR imaging of transient synovitis: differentiation from septic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:1154-1158. 3. Kramer PP. The value of MRI in early Perthes' disease. Pediatr Radiol. 1998;28:196-197. 4. Gaeta M, Minutoli F, Scribano E, et al. CT and MR imaging findings in athletes with early tibial stress injuries: comparison with bone scintigraphy findings and emphasis on cortical abnormalities. Radiology. 2005;235:553-561. 5. Umans H, Haramati N, Flusser G. The diagnostic role of gadolinium enhanced MRI in distinguishing between acute medullary bone infarct and osteomyelitis. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18:255-262.