Changing the World Balance Chapter 15

Need to know for AP Exam Foundations Era: Beginning – 1000 BCE Classical Era: 1000 BCE – 500 CE Post-Classical Era: 500 - 1450 ____________________________________ Early-Modern Era: 1450 – 1750 Modern Era: 1750 - 1914 Present Era: 1914 – present

Shifts in Power Groups Position @ Beginning of Post-Classical Period Position at End of Post-Classical Period Arabs Dominant Global Power Fallen (1258) but replaced by Ottoman Turks Mongols Minor Steppe People Declining Masters of Asia China Period of Recovery Dominant Global Power, but choosing isolation over expansion Western Europe: -Portugal -Spain -Italy Hmmmmm not so much Rapidly Rising global power

Decline of the Old Order: Middle East Decline of Arab caliphate Prominence of religion and religious leaders over secular Popularity of Sufism Move towards a feudal society Regional landlords Peasants and serfs Decline in agricultural production and trade Leads to a decline in power

Rise of the Ottomans More powerful politically and militarily Conquest of Byzantine Empire Constantinople falls in 1453 Provides an even greater challenge to rising European might Lacks the economic dominance of the earlier caliphate

What about the Mongols? Control over central Asia, China, Russia, and portions of the Middle East and South Asia Controlled the largest land-based trading network Responsible for spread of technology and culture Decline leads to expansion of ocean trade Western Europeans and Chinese Land routes for trading reduce

Resurrection of Chinese Control Tribute relationship with Korea and Vietnam Development of massive trading expeditions Led by ZhengHe (Chinese Muslim) Voyages to SE Asia, Middle East, Eastern Africa and possible more Controlled the largest navy in the world at the time Nearly 4,000 vessels Expeditions opposed by bureaucrats Considered to be too costly Government want to spend money on War and Luxuries Emperor ends Chinese exploration and ocean trade 1433 Significantly alters course of world history HOW

Fringe Groups: Americas Aztecs and Incan societies weakened by internal conflict Resentment by local tribes lays foundation for their downfall with the arrival of the Spanish

Fringe Groups: Polynesians & Maori Isolated expansion of regional kingdoms to neighboring islands Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti Later to Hawaii and New Zealand Use of Neolithic technology still allows for development of complex culture

Fringe Groups: Sub-Saharan Africa No significant changes at the end of the Post- Classical period Fall of Mali

Western Europe: Decline of Feudal System The feudal system declines as the peasantry gains independence Inefficiency of agriculture reduces authority/ power of the feudal lords Food production could not keep up with growing population Black Plague 30% population loss in China and 33% loss in Europe Also affects Middle East and India Improves status of peasantry Hundred Years War: Results in more centralized political power

Western Europe: Decline of Religious Authority Inability to stop the plague reduces public opinion in the church Why is God not helping us? Doubt Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther Questions the Catholic Church Provides alternative forms of worship

Western Europe: Rise of Religious Authority Spain and Portugal repel Muslims form Iberian Peninsula Creation of Spanish Inquisition to stamp out heresy and promote Catholicism Creation of non-secular government This means religious Missionary justification for exploration Creation of the Jesuits

Opportunities for Growth Mongol conquest provides access to eastern world Acquisition of technology and learning Continued development of European metalworking Weaponry and tools Inability to create balance of trade with china (had nothing they wanted) Forces them to look elsewhere for ways to acquire products Drive to compete with rising Muslim threat (Ottomans)

Italian Renaissance Not really as critical as one might think Rebirth of classical learning Greco-Roman Italy serves as center of trade, plus has added benefit of Roman example Early period of rebirth limited primarily to upper class Italians

Exploration Begins as early as 1291 Promoted by desire to trade with the East without having to interact with the Muslims Rediscovery of the Atlantic islands near Africa Creation of plantation system Sugar, cotton, tobacco Birth of African slave trade  needed labor fro plantations Discovery of compass, astrolabe, creation of caravel allows for longer ocean voyages