What is barley?

In the beginning there was Hordeum spontaneum Now there is …..... Hordeum vulgare* 2n = 2x = 14 5.3 Gbp ~ 30,000 genes Self-pollinated (hermaphroditic) * Technically speaking spontaneum and vulgare are both subspecies of H. vulgare

Center of origin and domestication

Domestication traits Actual diversity Apparent diversity Spontaneum Vulgare Shattering (brittle rachis) Shattering resistant (non-brittle rachis) 2-row 2-row, 6-row Adhering hulls Adhering, non-adhering (naked) Winter annual Winter, facultative, and spring annual Apparent diversity Apparent diversity Actual diversity Actual diversity

Domestication and evolutionary bottlenecks Apparent diversity Actual diversity The imperative for conservation and characterization of genetic resources

The domestication traits, the genes, and the mechanisms Locus/alleles Phenotype Mechanism Btr1,Btr2 Shattering/retention Loss of function deletions Vrs1 2-row/6-row Nud Hull adherence Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3 Growth habit Loss of function deletions Ppd1, Ppd2 Photoperiod sensitivity

Inflorescence type 2-row vs. 6-row 1 gene/30,000 genes

Covered vs. Naked 1 gene/30,000 genes

Growth Habit winter, facultative and spring 3+ genes/30,000 genes

Growth habit and allied traits Winter Facultative Spring Low temperature tolerance Yes No Vernalization sensitivity Photoperiod sensitivity (short day) Varies

Facultative growth habit Flexibility! Fall planting Cold tolerance on demand Spring planting not needed

Why barley? Beverage, food, feed

Beverage The transformative power of malting Steeping, Germination, Kilning Time (~1 week) temperature (50o – 350o) Moisture (10% – 50%)

Barley malt The base of beer and spirits Culinary uses The economic driver of barley

Barley malt and beer styles All-malt beers Reinheitsgebot compliant beers Most US craft beers Brewing with adjuncts American standard lager Happoshu Beer of the Third Kind

Barley malt specifications: Starch-related: Malt extract Enzyme-related: Diastatic power “Modification” - Not too low, not too high…

Malt quality parameters: Buck naked winter 6-row - taste the malt Full Pint covered spring 2-row - taste the beer Copeland covered spring 2-row - the ace of base malts

One variety: Many Malts Time, temperature, moisture

Food barley Symptoms: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity Part of the problem: Diets low in fiber, high in refined grains, sugars, and saturated fats Part of the solution: Barley - a rich source of soluble fiber

Food barley Soluble dietary fiber Normal (~5%) vs. High (~15%) beta glucan Is high better? 1 serving “normal” = RDA Whole grain nutrition vs. beta glucan extraction

Food barley in the world and the US Culinary traditions in Himalayas, North Africa, Andes Health and satiety

Local food barley # STRKR (Streaker) First Alternative Coop Barley scones at OSU UHDS

Feed Barley Greatest usage, worldwide Feeding value (and price) corn - discount Nutritional needs of ruminants, non-ruminants, and poultry The role of the hull - ~ 12% of yield

Feed barley or Malt barley? The dogma: “A good malt barley is good feed barley, but not the reverse” The (crafty) truth: “With changes in malting protocol a feed barley can be an excellent malt barley”

Feed (Forage) Barley Hooded barley hoods, rather than awns usually cut green for hay or silage

Barley: History – Explains the Present 1 mile per year (?)

Migration and specialization Europe Beer Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row Feed (food and some beer) Hulls, spring/winter/facultative, 6-row “The decree known as the Reinheitsgebot, issued in Ingolstadt in 1516, had three aims: to protect drinkers from high prices; to ban the use of wheat in beer so more bread could be made; and to stop unscrupulous brewers from adding dubious toxic and even hallucinogenic ingredients as preservatives or flavourings.”

Migration and specialization North Africa/Iberian peninsula – feed/food Hulls, winter/facultative growth habit, 6-row

Migration and specialization “Barley helped ancient Tibetans climb to 3400 meters”

Maximum nutrition and return The hull Insoluble fiber Naked, spring growth habit 2-row, 6-row

Migration and specialization Americas (17th century - ) North and Meso Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt –Europe Hulls, spring growth habit, 6-row malt – Europe/Asia Hulls, spring/winter/facultative 6-row feed – Iberian peninsula/North Africa

Migration and specialization Americas (17th century - ) South Southern cone: Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt – Europe Andes: Naked, spring growth habit, 2,6-row food

Migration and specialization Australia/ New Zealand (18th century - ) Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt – Europe

Migration and specialization Central and East Asia Hulls, spring growth habit, 2-row malt –Europe

Barley and $

Barley – world’s 4th most important cereal crop In the US……

Barley: Production considerations

Supply: 1 seed becomes 50 - 100 seeds 100 lbs becomes 5,000 – 10,000 lbs Demand: $130/ton feed $ 1.5 X – 3X feed for malt or organic feed Food barley $ = wheat $ (?)

Equipment scales Garden Research Commercial

Raising barley – from seed to seed Variety choice Planting Management Harvest Storage End use

Varieties Self-pollinated Breed true Growth habit Winter, spring, facultative Seed source Certified, farmer-farmer, saved Ownership Public, Plant Variety Protection, licensed, patented

Planting How Broadcast, drill Seedbed preparation Tillage, minimum-tillage, no-tillage Seeding rate Lbs/acre; seeds/square foot Seeding date Growth habit

Management Organic/Conventional Weeds Diseases Insects Nutrition

Harvest Cutting Hand tools Mowers Binders Threshing Abrasion Mechanical threshers Cleaning De-bearding Removing chaff Removing other seeds

Harvest Combine Plot Small Standard Cleaning De-bearding Removing chaff Removing other seeds

Storage Moisture Insects Rodents Fungi

Marketing Open Contract Specifications

OSU Breeding and Research Objectives 2-row malt; 2-row and 6-row food; IMI-tolerant feed Facultative growth habit Quality Biotic and abiotic stress resistance Product development

The OSU Barley Project Crossing Doubled haploids Genetics and Breeding Publication, Variety/Germplasm release Herb, D.W., et al. 2017. Malt modification and its effects on the contributions of barley genotype to beer. flavor. J. Amer. Soc. Brew. Chem. 75:345-353

Malting barley variety development Grain to Glass 11 – 13 years Time frame (yrs) Activity Amount of seed required for one malting quality assessment Amounts of seed available and scale 2-3 Breeding and selection; initial agronomic assessment Segregating generations Doubled haploid populations 0g – 1 kg for breeding program 3-4 Preliminary to advanced agronomic testing and micro-malting of samples from multiple environments 200 grams 1 kg – 20 kg for breeding and extension programs 20 kg –100 kg for breeding and extension programs. Initiate large-scale increase of pure seed for commercial scale quality assessment and variety release 7 kilograms/ location 2 locations 3 AMBA Pilot Scale Test must be rated satisfactory in 2/3 years of testing Large volumes for on-farm testing and commercial scale malting and brewing AMBA Plant Scale malting and brewing trials must be rated satisfactory in 3/3 brewing trials 800 metric tons 3

Why Barley for Oregon? Diversify New products Rotation Craft brewers and distillers Whole grains Full spectrum local supply Ideal barley growing areas

Recent OSU varieties Alba: 6-row winter. Feed/Malt. Covered. Public.

Recent OSU varieties Buck: 6-row winter. Food/Malt. Naked. Public.

Recent OSU varieties Full Pint: 2-row spring. Covered. Public. Gold Rush Malting, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Corvallis Brewing Supply

Upcoming OSU varieties 10.0777: 2-row winter. Covered. Non-exclusive License. AMBA Plant Scale – year 1.

Facultative and winter 2-row malting barley American Malting Barley Association Pilot Selection Pedigree Row type Growth habit EPH AMBA current status 2018 10.0777 Wintmalt/Charles 2 Winter Producer Plant Scale Year 1 ongoing DH130939 Full Pint/Violetta Facultative Non-producer Pilot year 2 submission DH120304 Maris Otter/Full Pint Pilot year 1 submission DH130910 TC6W265/Herz 29494//2991 Pilot prospect DH140088 Violetta/Charles//Full Pint DH131679 DH140963 04_028_36/Archer No data

The Next Pint Project Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Full Pint, and on to the Next Pint

The Barley World malt house http://barleyworld.org/malt-house

Is it time for barley to go naked after 10,000 years? Multi-use naked barley for malt/food/feed USDA NIFA-OREI Breeders, growers, chefs, food processors, maltsters, brewers and distillers from around the US

(gamma irradiation of Maythorpe, ari-e, 1968) Crossing, selection (phenotypic, genetic/genomic), mutants, GMOs, and CRISPR Golden Promise (gamma irradiation of Maythorpe, ari-e, 1968) LOX Mechanism Loss of function deletions DMS

Grow your own barley?

Hands on with barley Grow your own malt: Full Pint Territorial Seed: http://www.territorialseed.com/product/full-pint-barley-grains-seed/grains

Hands on with barley Make your own malt and beer “Kitchen counter” malting: Lots of online resources. For example…BeerSmith: http://beersmith.com/blog/2009/12/05/malting-barley-grain-at-home/ Malt analysis at Hartwick Center for Craft Food and Beverage: https://www.hartwick.edu/about-us/centers-institutes/center-for-craft-food-and-beverage/malt-quality-testing/ Homebrewing recipes: Joel Rea and crew at Corvallis Brewing Supply, Downtown Corvallis

Hands on with barley Select your own naked variety: The Oregon Naked Barley Blend (ONBB-753)

Hands on with barley Select your own naked variety: The Oregon Naked Barley Blend (ONBB-753)

The Oregon Barley Project crew – past and present Thanks! The Oregon Barley Project crew – past and present http://barleyworld.org/ Brought to you by Federal and state tax dollars, American Malting Barley Association, Brewers Association, Flavor-Pack, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Oregon Wheat Commission,, USDA-ARS-NACAs, USDA-NIFA-OREI, USDA-USWBSI, Western Rivers Conservancy