Land Use Models Urban Models from around the World Copeland APHG Unit 7: Urbanization 2016-17

Urban models of the developed world North America Europe

Models of Urban Land Use in North America Study of urban land use generally draws from three descriptive models Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model Hoyt’s Sector Model Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model

Models of Urban Land Use These models were developed to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in early industrial US cities None of them can accurately describe land use in all cities Describe patterns of land use in a generic city, do not describe the process by which land use changes

Some assumptions seen through the models (some will be addressed in later models) Private ownership of property Economic competition for space CBD is main point for employment Expanding area and population Physical geography plays no role (flat & featureless) Transportation is cheap, fast and reliable in all directions

Trade Off Model of Land Use Rents decrease as distance increases Certain land use types benefit from a more central location

Models of Urban Land Use Criticisms of all models Economic focus Marginalize cultural/social influences Limited environmental focus ???

Models of Urban Land Use Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model Peripheral Model/Galactic City Model Urban Realms Model White’s 21st Century Model

Concentric Zone

Sector

Multi-Nuclei

Peripheral

Vance’s Urban Realms Model Each Urban Realm is shaped by: Terrain Overall city size Amount of economic activity in each realm Internal accessibility of each core Inter-accessibility among realms

White’s 21st Century Model Comprised of seven key elements: Core-still key but functions may have changed Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion Pockets of poverty and minorities Elite enclaves Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development Epicentres and corridors

John Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development Focused on intraurban growth Based on breakthroughs in transportation technology Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), cities grow near ports and major waterways which are used for transportation; Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks; Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network; Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine; High-Technology Epoch (1970–Present Day), expansion in service and information sectors of the economy 15

Intraurban growth

European City model European cities-much older (Rome, Athens, Paris, Rome, London); established as ecclesiastical or university centers, have defensive strongholds, act as administrative centers; zoning laws determine how land and buildings can be used (residential, commercial and industrial); streets are set up in dendritic patterns (designed for foot traffic); many cities established in Europe due to expansion of Industrial Revolution; wealthy live in CBDs; many city parks; greenbelts (rural areas set aside to prevent development) are prevalent in the United Kingdom and are used to prevent in-filling. World War II was a factor in determining recent development in European cities (new buildings next to older buildings)

Joke

Stages of URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Stages of Urban Development Urbanization Suburbanization/Ex-urbanization Dis-urbanization/Counter-urbanization Re-urbanization

Urbanization Stage Certain settlements grow at the cost of surrounding countryside People move to cities for jobs, industrial growth

Suburbanization/Ex-urbanization Stage When the urban ring grows at the cost of the urban core Factors: Rise in disposable incomes Automobile Huge demand for housing Public policies promoting Home Ownership (Govt Loans) Highway Construction (Interstate System) Deconcentration of employment & creation of office parks & manufacturing parks Anti-urban location preference (larger home lots) Policies favoring ring development instead of urban revitalization

Dis-urbanization/ Counter-urbanization Stage When the population loss of the core exceeds the population gain of the ring resulting in total loss of population Factors/characteristics Decentralization of manufacturing Growth of service sector Early retirement & large retirement $$$ Pursuit of leisure activities “Modernization” of rural life Long distance commuting Anti-urban feelings Completion of interstate Growth of energy & extractive industries

Re-urbanization Stage Either the rate of population loss in core tapers off or the core starts regaining population shift in urban economy from manufacturing to service Growth in sunbelt cities High tech growth Immigration filling inner city areas Re-focus on urban living Revitalization of downtowns Lofts Sports Arenas Gentrification of older areas

European Cities No set model due to diversity of settlements and population. Common characteristics: Plazas, squares, low sky lines Ecclesiastical centers or university centers of city (CBD) Zoning laws Dendritic pattern of roads Greenbelts used to prevent in-filling

Developing/less-developed World Urban Land Use Models

Developing/less-developed World Urban Land Use Models Classical (North American) models of urban structure do not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD and a traditional market district It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer locations near the downtown commercial areas Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the edges of the urban area in squatter settlements (Latin America and SE Asia) called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in much of Africa Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed

Latin American Cities 1. Urban Primacy Resulting from rural-to-urban migration 2. Spatial Polarization The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of suburbanization The poor live in slums and squatter settlements 3. Uneven or dual economies A large informal sector

Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models? Dissimilarities? Latin American cities-urban growth rates rapidly increasing (Mexico City), farmers moving to city for work (unproductive); cities have a spine of high income (gated communities) extending from CBD; squatter settlements (areas of extreme poverty) are located on edge of city, squatter settlements are referred to as favelas in Brazil and barriadas in other states, these are crime-ridden areas. Latin American City Model as developed by Dr. Larry Ford (city is laid out like hub and spoke of a bicycle wheel) Mexico City Problems?

Southeast, east and south Asian Cities More than one CBD, each with its own commercial activity Colonial CBD Chinese CBD Often an Indian CBD Elite corridor towards the airport Residential zones are haphazrd The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well as new suburbs and new towns Many gated communities Asian cities- newer cities with great infrastructure; located on coasts; built for trade; expanding middle class due to increase in foreign investment (U.S. and Europe); Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore are considered entrepots (re-export goods); have office park agglomerations and high tech corridors; have many shopping malls similar to those found in U.S.; megacities (Tokyo, Osaka, Beijing, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Manila) have populations greater than 10 million.

Colonial Based South Asia City Generally based upon a port (trade and military) Fort and open space used for protection & recreation (cricket) Native area overcrowded and unsanitary CBD supported Europeans while bazaar supported natives

Bazaar-based South Asian City Older than colonial based cities Trade based origin focused on bazaar and crossroads Concentric in origin Segregation based upon: Religion Language Caste

How well does Jakarta match the Model of the South-East Asian City?   Southeast Asian city model developed by Terry McGee (see how everything extends from port)

Islamic City City center has both mosque and souk/soq (market or bazaar) Neighborhoods are stable Few people move in or out No gentrification Genders are separated Separate male and female spaces located in Middle East, North Africa and Indonesia (Cairo, Tehran, Dubai, Istanbul); twisted streets for shade; space for common gatherings; city is laid out based on Islamic principles found in the Koran (most important aspect is the mosque, located in center of the city), primary mosques are referred to as a jani; traditional part of city is usually walled; windows are generally small; buildings are connected, but it is built for privacy of residents; bazaar (street market) is found in the city.

Sub-SaharAn African Cities Colonial urbanization is seen most frequently in port cities used to export resources From mines, forests, or plantations Colonial cities were (and are) highly segregated Western residential areas are distinct from indigenous (or local or native) residential areas

Types of African Cities Indigenous City Islamic City Colonial City European City Dual City Hybrid City Apartheid City

Apartheid City

Urban Models AP Human Geography Fall 2016