ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Bio CP
Organic Organic: compounds that contain the element Carbon (in the presence of Hydrogen) Example: CH4 and C6H12O6 are “organic” CO2 and H2O are “inorganic”
Functional groups Most organic compounds contain functional groups (structural blocks that determine the characteristics of the compound) Example: -OH (hydroxyl group) -COOH (carboxyl group) -NH2 (amino group)
Monomer Mono: one Single units/ building blocks Ex: Bricks
Polymer Poly: many A long molecule of repeating monomers Ex: Brick wall
Four Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
1. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O Function: Daily energy Special feature: H:O ratio is 2:1 Ex: C6H12O6
Carbohydrate: Monosaccharide Monomer: Monosaccharide (single unit of sugar C6H12O6) Three monosaccharides: Glucose Fructose Galactose -ose (sugar) 1 2 1 3 2 5 12 4 5 9 7 6 11 3 6 10 4 8
Carbohydrate: Disaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide: two monomers Formed by dehydration synthesis Three disaccharides: Maltose Lactose Sucrose (“sugar”)
Molecular formula for dissacharides C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O C12H24O12 WRONG!
Carbohydrate: Polysaccharide Polysaccharides Poly = “many” Thousands of monomers linked together Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose) monomer
Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides Examples: Cellulose Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Indigestible Chitin Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons (shells)
Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides Starch Storage of polysaccharides in plants Glycogen Storage of polysaccharides in animals
2. Lipids Elements: C, H, O Function: Energy storage Special feature: Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Lipids: Glycerol, fatty acids Monomers: Glycerol Fatty acids (carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain) Brad Pitt in 20 years
Lipids: Triglyceride Polymer: Triglyceride One glycerol 3 fatty acids Lose 3 water molecules during condensation reaction
Saturated Fats Carbon chain with only single covalent bond Except for double bond in carboxyl group Hard at room temperature Ex: butter
Unsaturated Fats Carbon chains with one or more double bonds Produces “kinks” in chain Soft at room temperature Ex: oil
3. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Functions: Acts as enzymes Material to build “everything”
Protein Structure Special features: Carboxyl group Amino group Central carbon “R” group (variable) Determines unique physical and chemical characteristics (radical group) (amino group) (carboxyl group) (central carbon)
Amino acids/polypeptides Monomer: Amino acids There are only 20 different amino acids. Amino acids only differ in their “R” group. “-ine” Alanine, methionine, leucine Polymer: Dipeptides and polypeptides Amino acids bonded by peptide bond
Protein examples Examples: hormones, tendons, hemoglobin, muscle, amylase
4. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, P Function: store and transmit genetic material
Nucleic Acid Monomer Monomer: nucleotide A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)
Monomer: Nucleotide Monomer: Nucleotide Nucleotide includes 3 parts: Phosphate group Sugar Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
Nucleic Acid Polymer Polymer: DNA, RNA Ex: DNA, RNA, ATP
Review: Identify Amino acid Lipid/ Fatty Acid Purine/Nitrogen Base Glycerol Phosphate group Carbohydrate/ Ribose Carbohydrate