Endocrine Disorders 11/11/2018 P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome Endocrine Disorders 11/11/2018 L/O What causes endocrine disorders? Starter What do you know about diabetes?

Maintaining Homeostasis The human body requires that the blood glucose level is maintained in a very narrow range. Homeostasis is regulated by two hormones, insulin and glucagon which are both secreted by the endocrine pancreas (the exocrine pancreas releases digestive enzymes). The production of insulin and glucagon by these pancreatic cells ultimately determines if a patient has diabetes or another related problem. Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O What causes endocrine disorders? Insulin Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to high blood sugar, although a low level of insulin is always secreted by the pancreas. After a meal, the amount of insulin secreted into the blood increases as the blood glucose rises. Glucose stimulates insulin release as well as the vagus nerve in the stomach. Likewise, as blood glucose falls, insulin secretion by the pancreatic islet beta cells decreases. Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

Insulin also works along with growth hormone to promote growth Response to Insulin Insulin decreases the glucose level in the blood and increases glucose transport to skeletal, heart, smooth muscle, and fat cells. It increases transport of amino acids into the cells and causes an increase in protein synthesis. Insulin also works along with growth hormone to promote growth Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O What causes endocrine disorders? Lack to Insulin Over time with a lack of insulin, acetone and ketone bodies will occur (due to largely burning fats instead of carbohydrates)-this can lead to a state of acidosis. Also "protein wasting" occurs and can lead to extreme weakness, weight loss, and organ dysfunction Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O What causes endocrine disorders? High Sugar Diets If a diet high in sugar (especially refined sugars, molasses, maple syrup, too much honey, and fruit juice) is eaten, the blood glucose level increases rapidly Insulin secretion is increased by 1000% the first five minutes, then it somewhat decreases for about ten minutes, then rises again after 2-3 hours. A diet consistently high in sugar and other refined sweets will first lead to hypertrophy of the beta cells (to increase insulin production) and eventual burnout, with diabetes being a possible result. Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

Blood glucose is low between meals and during exercise. Glucagon Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas when blood glucose is low. Blood glucose is low between meals and during exercise.  When blood glucose is high, no glucagon is secreted from the alpha cells. Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

1 – Which two hormones control blood sugar? 2 – Which organ produces them? 3 – What is glycogen? 4 – What are there effects of the two hormones on the glycogen stored in the body and when are they released?

L/O What causes endocrine disorders? Design a guide for the NHS to describe each of the following disorders: Diabetes, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome, Goitre For each include Symptoms and effects Cause (including which hormones are effected) Treatments Ensure all sources are cited in a bibliography One of these guides will be a presentation which you will deliver. Keywords – Diabetes, Goitre, Pituitary Dwarfism, Cushing’s Syndrome L/O What causes endocrine disorders? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? Principles of homeostasis: definition of homeostasis; principles of homeostatic control systems; significance of maintaining an optimum internal environment for cell function Homeostatic systems: endocrine control and feedback in general; significance of homeostatic regulation by hormones compared with nervous system regulation; relation of digestive system to cellular homeostasis; regulation of blood glucose (insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, glucocorticoids); regulation of body fluids; measurements used in determining imbalances in homeostatic mechanisms Keywords – Receptor, Processor, Effector, Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? For P5, learners must give a clear account of the main systems involved in homeostasis and how they work. Learners must demonstrate through the clarity of their account, whether pictorial or descriptive, that they understand it is a regulatory system essential for the maintenance of a steady state in the body. For M4, learners must explain positive and negative homeostatic feedback. Annotated diagrams are an ideal way of presenting some of this material. Keywords – Receptor, Processor, Effector, Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders

L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? For D3, learners must show they understand the whole homeostatic process – the hormone and nervous systems and how they interact with each other. Leading on from this, learners must describe the possible homeostatic malfunctions and what these do to the body. Learners must consider all of the internal regulatory mechanisms, including blood glucose control, temperature and water regulation. Learners must explain how malfunctions lead to disorders in a clear, logical manner. Learners do not need to give detailed descriptions of treatment but should show a clear understanding of the effects of the disorders and how they are rectified. Keywords – Receptor, Processor, Effector, Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback L/O How does feedback regulate internal environment? P5 describe the mechanism of the homeostatic system M4 explain positive and negative feedback in homeostasis, using examples from the human body D3 explain how malfunctions in the homeostatic mechanisms can lead to disorders