CO2 and pollutant emissions LDV Type approval process focused on combined approach 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot

CO2 and FC from test to the road Tests and CO2 certification Approval certificate (715/2007) Labelling (1999/94) Fiscality Monitoring CO2 regulation (443/2009) WVTA (2007/46) National Registration 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 2

Reminder: FE/CO2 interpolation method 2, cycle TM L RR Aero H CO 2 Cycle Energy Individual CO2 for an individual vehicle Δ E CO2 extrapolation  Max +3g/km Max: 30g/km or 20% which ever is the lowest Min: 5g/km CO2 extrapolation  Max -3g/km  Compliance with emission limits required for each tested VH and VL 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 3

Reminder: cycles and families Currently WLTP 3 values of CO2 emissions / FC: Extra urban Urban Combined WLTC: Low Mid High Extrahigh HEV : WLTC_city = low+mid RDE: urban/rural/motorway CO2 /FC family ≠ Emissions family CO2 /FC family defined with No Combined approach: VH RR/aero/mass Combined approach: VL CO2/FC family same as emission family Results for CO2/FC and pollutant emissions  See UTAC proposal  11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 4

Impacted regulations 715/2007 – 692/2008 2007/46 1999/94 443/2009 Application document Test report Type approval certificate COP OBD Introduction of 14°C correction 2007/46 Information document (annex 1) Test – Report (annex 8 based on 715/2007) Type-Variant-Version (annex 2) CoC (annex 9) 1999/94 Display/poster Publication 443/2009 Monitoring Correlation CO2 (NEDC)↔ CO2 (WLTC) 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 5

715/2007 (1/3) Currently WLTP Information document Remark: Declared values for CO2/FC Choice of VL and VH OEM choice with TS agreement RR/aero/mass and metric precision expected results for CO2/FC  OEM declaration ? Remark: Individual vehicles non identified during type approval Open points: CO2/FC within xx % ? (currently 4% for M1 / 6% for N1) Range of RR/aero/mass for individual vehicle in the family ? Gear selection and shift point determination Data provided in the document ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 6

715/2007 (2/3) Currently WLTP Test report Type approval certificate CO2/FC values: by family (one vehicle tested) Test result on each phase + combined Same testing vehicle for VH and VL Possibility of having different cycles for VL and VH (gear shifting/power to mass ratio) ? RR/aero/mass: metric precision ? Measurement pollutant emissions on each phase + combined  FC Number of tests (0,9*L) Reference to ATCT test report ? Results ? Application of correction (when) ? - Reporting: result on low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined ? Type approval certificate Possibility to refer to the report the documentation Complete RR/aero/mass of VL and VH information for authorities Reporting: result on low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 7

715/2007 (3/3) Currently WLTP OBD COP and ISC Other NEDC What cycle to refer to ? COP and ISC Statistical method New statistical method? Which vehicle will be tested? VH-VL if existing Individual vehicle Other Extension rules Extension rules ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 8

2007/46 European reception (1/2) Identification of individuals vehicles and their CO2/FC values  when? Currently WLTP Information document (2007/46 annex 1) Declared values for CO2/FC Extra urban Urban Combined Transient period: which cycle (NEDC/WLTC) ? Which phase (s) ? + Combined? For which vehicle: VH-VL ? Test - Report (2007/46 annex 8)  715/2007 approval One vehicle tested for the CO2/FC family VH and VL results Before and/or after ATCT correction ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 9

2007/46 European reception (2/2) Currently WLTP TVV (2007/46 annex 2) CO2/FC: Urban Extra urban Combined Both values: WLTC and NEDC One TVV: Several values of CO2/FC ? Range ? VH-VL: RR/aero/mass 1 TVV = 1 CO2 family ? Restricted range of CO2?  Modification of TVV definition ? CoC (2007/46 annex 9) CO2/FC values based on TVV: Both values: WLTC and NEDC ? Access to ATCT result ? Individual vehicle: RR/aero/mass CO2/FC caculation : who calculates ? Which phase(s) ? + combined ? VH and VL with their characteristics (RR/aero/mass)  Modification of CoC definition ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 10

1999/94 Labelling Fiscality – National registration Currently WLTP Labelling (1999/94) and publication Poster/display: based on combined CO2/FC Publication: Procedure depending on member states Both values: NEDC and WLTC ? Depends on individual vehicle options  customer choice Which figures: Which phases? Combined ? After ATCT correction? For each vehicle? Range? How to manage diversity? (vehicle options  new CO2/FC values?)  Labelling : to be modified (and standardized?) Fiscality Own state policy Transient period: how to manage 2 values of CO2/FC (NEDC/WLTC) ? Based on TVV? CoC? National registration 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 11

Monitoring 443/2009 Currently WLTP Monitoring 443/2009 Based on TVV Both values (WLTC /NEDC) ? According Type approval? Manufacturer (at the moment of production)? National Registration Authorities (at the moment of registration)? Data CO2 and FC (low/mid/high/extrahigh/combined?) Metric data: RR, aero, mass… 443/2009 For passenger cars: 130g CO2/km in 2015 95g CO2/km in 2021 Correlation CO2 (NEDC)↔ CO2 (WLTC)  Procedure undergoing 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 12

Open points Multistage vehicle Classes for N1-vehicle Class vs VH-VL issue regarding mass Test on other fuels (gas, bi-fuel,…) Pollutant emissions: PHEV – HEV – PEV RDE : equivalence urban/rural/motorway with WLTC ? 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 13

Results Golden rule: all results must comply with the criteria pollutant emissions standards in each configuration Results : Report  Approval certificate  COC : Emissions/CO2/FC for each TVV Combined approach : VH-VL (test 1 and 2 in case of 2nd test) Pollutant (i) CO2 (j) FC (j) RVH PVH(i)=Av(PVH1(i) ; PVH2(i)) Av(CO2VH1(j) ; CO2VH2(j)) Av(FCVH1(j) ; FCVH2(j)) RVL PVL(i)=Av(PVL1(i) ; PVL2(i)) Av(CO2VL1(j) ; CO2VL2(j)) Av(FCVL1(j) ; FCVL2(j)) Result Av(PVH(i); PVL(i)) Formula(j): individual result VH Pollutant (i) CO2 (j) FC (j) RVH1 PVH1(i) CO2VH1(j) FCVH1(j) RVH2 PVH2(i) CO2VH2(j) FCVH2(j) Result Av(PVH1(i) ; PVH2(i)) Av(CO2VH1(j) ; CO2VH2(j)) Av(FCVH1(j) ; FCVH2(j)) Compound (i) Phase (j) 23/05/2014 Number of tests and results 14

Reminder: combined approach Road load determination by correlating the forces to: mass aerodynamic drag RR VL VH Δf2(Δaero) ΔMass ΔRR VX Δf0(Δmass, ΔRR) 11/11/2018 CO2/FC LDV B. Lopez de Rodas - E. Collot 15