Web Addresses- U.S. Quarantine Treatments Aphis treatment Manual search: https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/treatmentSearch.cfm (this is a search page-by treatments or commodity or pest) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/port/Treatment_Chapters.htm (go to T100 fresh fruits and vegetables) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_manuals.html (list of manuals)

Integration of the Sterile Insect Technique with other Control Methods Robert L. Mangan Crop Quality and Fruit Insect Research USDA-ARS Weslaco Texas Rmangan@weslaco.ars.usda.gov

Selectivity of Methods of Insect Control Highly Selective Moderately Selective Nonselective Insect resistant plant varieties Predators (general) Conventional insecticides Insect pathogens (specific) Parasites (general) Cultural measures Insect parasites (specific) Light traps Insect predators (specific) Attractants (general) Insect attractants (specific) Genetic techniques E. F. Knipling 1979 The Basic Principles of Insect Suppression and Management.

Methods of Insect Control Methods equally effective at all densities Methods most effective at lowest densities Methods most effective at highest densities Conventional chemical insecticides Sterile insect and other genetic techniques Host specific pathogenic organisms Chemical sterilants applied to natural populations Sex or aggregating attractant traps Host specific parasites Cultural and mechanical control methods Sex attractant diversion sources Host specific preditors Insect resistant crop varieties Sex attractant vapors Light traps Attractant baits Methods of Insect Control And Pest Density Trap crops Synthetic non-pheromone attractants Sex pheromones that block responses

Needs for Supplementary Treatments with SIT Reduce the total pest population To reduce damage caused by pest during eradication To achieve needed over-flooding ratio To give direct protection from pest activity As perimeter treatment for area eradication As means for getting information such as collection of samples, access to property, inspection

Screwworm Eradication Supplementary programs to directly protect livestock when populations are high Mass trapping Wound treatment

Population Reduction in Texas Laake, Parish, Knipling, Thurman and Perry Primary screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and and secondary screwworm (C. macellaria) thought to be one species. Goal: to reduce infestation losses by reducing adult population

Effect of Mass Trapping Blowflies – Menard Co. Texas 1929-31 Treatment Area Number Mass Trapped Relative Population Percentage Screwworm Infestation* Mass trapping liver 154,879 18,973.6 quarts 550 1.58 No Trapping 144,860 3,409 2.92 * 45.89% reduction 49.89% when corrected for lambs

Aerial Distribution of SWASS Tests in Mexico

Development of Wound Treatments Wound treatments historically were the main control of screwworms. Treatments in early 1900s included oils, camphor, fufural, tannic acid, oil of citronella, chloropicrin, tars and manure. By 1920 chloroform was the leading compound Research by Dove (1935), Bushland (1940) and Knipling (1939) resulted in combined Benzol, diphehylamine, lamp black and oil. Reared larvae for this research were the basis for separating the primary and secondary screwworm species.

Importance of Wound Treatment Insecticide Provide free wound treatment kits to ranchers Ranchers provide samples to inspectors in exchange for kits Use of millions of kits reduced population and provided targeting information to program

Pink Bollworm Sterile Insect Release Program Program originated to stop spread of pink bollworm into California Long distance migration by adults was major means of spread Pink bollworm was controlled by area-wide organized pesticide and cultural control Stalk shredding Gin trash treatment Area-wide pesticide treatment. Coordinated detection systems

Pheromone for Detection and Control Gossyplure- first registered use of pheromone for insect control Use in detection and targeting for SIT Primary means of population control is by mating disruption

Resistant and Transgenic Cotton Resistance to oviposition; Gossypium thurberi, hybrids Other traits: early maturation, nectariless, okra leaf, high gossypol. Transgenic BT cotton-reported 95-99% reduction in damage BT resistance management programs require untreated plots Proposal for increased eradication possibilities.

Tsetse and Trypanosome Control Historical Control Methods: ground application of insecticides aerial application of insecticides wild animal elimination bush clearing bait technology including traps, targets, pour-ons and repellents, biological control insect growth regulators ivermectin given to host animals.

Current Tsetse Control Techniques Aerial spraying of insecticides and use of ultra-low volume formulations Selective ground spraying and use of residual insecticides that are re-applied each dry season to prevent re-invasion at the limits of a species distribution. Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations. Traps and targets including living targets with pour-on formulations. Pesticides- Pyrethroids, IGR’s Traps treated with pyriproxifen to sterilize flies that pass through the traps

Current Tsetse Control Techniques Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations.

“Genetic” Mosquito Control Cytoplasmic incompatibility, translocation sterility, and sterile insect releases tested in 1960’s to late 1970’s Most effort in studying rearing, male only rearing, mating compatibility methods of inducing sterility. Many projects were designed for control of species showing pesticide resistance.

Effects of Mosquito Programs on Yellow Fever and Malaria *begin Aedes control **begin Anopheles control

Insecticide Resistance in SIT-Tested Mosquitoes Mosquito species Number of Insecticides Insecticide Groups Continent Aedes aegypti 16 OCL, CH, OP, PYR, CARB AU, AF, AS, NA, SA, Ae. albopictis 5 OCL,CH, OP AS, AF, NA Ae. sierriensis 1 CH NA Anopheles albimanus 21 NA, SA An. arabiensis 6 OCL, CH, CARB, OP, PYR AF An. culicifacies 7 OCL, CH, OP, AS An. stephensi 11 An. quadrimaculatus 3 OCL, CH, PYR Culex pipiens pipiens 33 AF, AS, EU, NA C. quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans) 27 OCL,CH, OP, PYR, CARB, MIC AU, AF, AS, EU, SA C. tarsalis 10 OCL, CH, OP C. tritaeneorhynchus 13 OCL,CH, OP, CARB From Georghiou and Whalen

Insecticide Treated Bednets

Use of Bednets and Sprays Muheza Tanga, Tanzania

Use of Pyrethroid Treated Bednets and Sprays

Conclusions-Use of Bednets and Mosquito SIT Recent comparisons of pyrethroid treated bednets and house spraying showed nets at least as effective as sprays. Older spray results (1950s-60s) were more effective than recent sprays. Use of bednets requires more program management and public relations than sprays. Pyrethroids may not be the best insecticides for the program. No evidence that pyrethroid treated bednets induce insecticide resistance.

Integration: Fruit Fly Population Control Methods with Sterile Insect Technique

Early Control Procedures Before SIT Habitat modification- removal of hedges, alternate hosts Orchard Sanitation- removal of fallen fruit Biological Control- predation by turkeys and chickens Pesticide Application- Bait of lead arsenate, peloncillo, water

Biological Problems with fruit fly eradication longevity of the adults detecting infested commodities complex mating behavior repeat mating by females

Problems with Area-Wide Pesticide Application Knowledge of pest biology is required to be effective, knowledge of all hosts, population structure Safety for application in human occupied areas Environmental contamination Non-target organisms “No pesticide” political & organic requirements

Pesticides Area Wide Application As primary means of pest control As part of area-wide IPM system Integrated as part of eradication program

Human Safety Applicators Workers Accidents

Toxicity of Compounds for Fruit Fly Control Compound Projected gm Human AI Dermal AI/Hectare Index mg/m2 Malathion 190.0 4.63 Red Dye 28 16.64 0.0041 Erythrosin B 14.92 0.0038 Eosin Y 0.312 0.000079 Methyl Eosin 0.0004 0.000000001 Imidacloprid 1.53 0.031 Spinosad 0.063 0.00128 Abamectin 0.068 0.00342 Emamectin 0.047 0.0024 Fipronil 1.54 0.0577 Chlorfenapyr 3.84 0.192 Thiomethoxam 1.772 0.0886 Borax 4,896 97.92

Summary-Fruit Fly Population Reduction for Area-Wide Control Programs Precision and Safety can be enhanced by use of edible rather than contact insecticides Bait formulation for attraction, feeding, persistence, plant compatibility, specificity, and cost are essential problems Many insecticides are available that are at least 1000X less toxic to vertebrates in baits than standard organophosphate formulations

Summary SIT and Other Control Methods Use of supplemental control methods are based on both historical control techniques and new methods. Area wide application of control methods have public acceptance problems when treated people derive no benefit from treatment. Purpose of supplementary control varies among projects. Common roles are; direct protection from pest damage, reduction of pest population for SIT over flooding, prevention of incursion into treated area, and improved public cooperation