Unit 9 Late Middle Ages and Renaissance Days 1&2 Nation States, Mongols, and the Fall of Constantinople

Learning Objectives Keys to Success Explore the founding of European Nation States (England, France, Spain, Russia) and how they consolidated power and expanded territory. Explore the, the Mongol Empire and the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. Keys to Success I can, in complete sentences, pick one of the European monarchies and describe how it expanded it’s territories and consolidate it’s power.

Emergence of Nation States European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period Monarchy – Country/state that is ruled by a King or Queen Nation-State – Group of people who share a common culture who are united in one country/state

England England was united by William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest England was a land that included Angles, Saxons, and Vikings

The Battle of Hastings In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated the Saxon army at the Battle of Hastings William was the Duke of Normandy. Normandy was a region of northern France. The Battle of Hastings marks the beginning of Norman rule in England

England and Common Law Common Law – Unified body of laws that was formed in England. Common law had its beginning during Henry II’s reign Henry II was a descendant of William the Conqueror, Henry II improved the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England. Royal court rulings became known as common law Common law principles are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries, including the US

England and the Magna Carta Magna Carta – Document that protects basic political rights in England. King John signed Magna Carta, limiting King’s power Henry II is succeeded by his son John English nobles forced John to sign the Magna Carta. Guaranteed basic political rights and limited the king’s power Nobles wanted protection & to limit king’s power Eventually the Magna Carta applied to all citizens No taxation without representation, jury trials and protection of the law

Evolution of Parliament Parliament – Group of representatives that make laws for a nation. King Edward I calls Parliament, 2 knights and 2 nobles from every county to serve as a parliament (legislative group) Edward I needed tax money for war against France. Parliament becomes strong & controls royal power

England and the Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War – War fought between England and France. It helped define England as a nation War was fought for control of the French throne after the last of the French Capetian kings died without a successor English troops will invade France but lose. Eventually French troops will drive English troops back. The English longbow ended the use of armored knights

France and the Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France Hugh Capet was a Duke that became King of France and began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled from 987 to 1328 Capetian kings eventually united all of France

France and the Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War – War fought between England and France. It helped define France as a nation War was fought for control of the French throne after the last of the French Capetian kings died without a successor English troops will invade France. Eventually French troops will drive English troops back. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor in France

Joan of Arc was a French peasant girl who claimed to hear heavenly voices that told her to lead a French army against the English. She led the French to military victories. She was captured & was tried as a witch and heretic Joan of Arc was burned alive at the stake

Spain Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews and Muslim Moors Spanish king and queen that married and jointly ruled Spain beginning in 1474 Spanish Inquisition – Used torture and violence to punish people who offended the Church or would not convert to Christianity

Spanish Inquisition

Charles V The Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V Charles V - Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella In early 1500s, Spanish explorers, Cortes and Pizarro, conquered Americas (Mexico & Peru)

Russia Beginning in the middle 1200s, the Mongols, fierce warrior-horsemen from central Asia invaded Russia Most famous Mongol leader was Genghis Khan In 1240, the Mongols conquered the Russian city of Kiev and held power in Russia for the next 200 years Mongol rulers demanded obedience and tribute. Mongols were defeated by Ivan the Great. Ivan the Great overthrew the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow and expanded the Russian nation.

Russia and Ivan the Great Ivan the Great centralized Russian power in Moscow Moscow was founded in the 1100s and is strategically located near three rivers: Volga, Dnieper and Don Power was centralized in the czars Ivan the Great calls himself czar, Russian for Caesar Czars rule Russia until the Russian Revolution of 1917 The Orthodox Church influenced unification Russia gained a powerful ally, the Church.

The Mongol Empire Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China creating an empire In the early 1200s, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded other lands destroying cities and countryside Genghis Khan dies but his successors expanded the Mongol empire. Mongols created an empire Created the largest empire in history. Mongol armies destroyed cites and irrigation systems From mid-1200s to mid-1300s, Mongols imposed stability and law and order (Mongol Peace) across Eurasia The result was safety for caravan traders, diffusion of ideas and goods, and possibly the spread of the bubonic plaque from Asia

Constantinople in the Late Medieval Period Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 ending the Byzantine Empire Constantinople was renamed Istanbul Turned the Hagia Sophia into a mosque Istanbul became the empire’s capital Empire reached its peak under Suleiman who dominated the eastern Mediterranean, North African coastline, and central European countries of Hungary and Austria

Exit Ticket I can, in writing, pick one of the European monarchies and describe how they expanded their territories and consolidate their power. Complete on the bottom of the warm up