Autonomous & Connected Vehicles C-V2X: 4G  5G  6G Halim Yanıkömeroğlu Carleton University

Oct 1999: FCC allocated 75 MHz spectrum @ 5.9 GHz for ITS. DSRC: (Dedicated Short Range Communications) is a two-way short- to- medium-range wireless communications capability that permits very high data transmission critical in communications-based active safety applications. [source: US Department of Transportation] Oct 1999: FCC allocated 75 MHz spectrum @ 5.9 GHz for ITS. WAVE/802.11p (WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) Nov 2004: IEEE 802.11p Task Group was formed Jul 2010: IEEE 802.11p was published C-V2X Jun 2017: 3GPP R14 (4G LTE) Dec 2019: 3GPP R16 (5G NR: New Radio) 2

Qualcomm

Old Concepts + New Concept  New Momentum Satellite industry Aerospace industry Automotive industry ICT industry $10K satellites $1 drones Non-Terrestrial Networks Aerial vehicles requiring connectivity Aerial vehicles providing connectivity Aerial Vehicles

Aerial BSs: New Level in Radio Access Network Heterogeneity Routing, subchannel scheduling, and power allocation are generally treated as separate problems. They are mostly modeled using NLP to maximize either sum rate or minimum rate. Although separation of problems simplifies modeling, it degrades network efficiency, Low sum rate Low minimum rate.

Aerial BSs (flying and/or floating) – Scenarios On-demand capacity injection Routing, subchannel scheduling, and power allocation are generally treated as separate problems. They are mostly modeled using NLP to maximize either sum rate or minimum rate. Although separation of problems simplifies modeling, it degrades network efficiency, Low sum rate Low minimum rate.

flying and/or floating BSs Hybrid Terrestrial / Non-Terrestrial Networks flying and/or floating BSs Inter-LAP link Inter-HAP link LAP-HAP link HAP-Satellite link LAP layer HAP layer Satellite Layer Vertical RAN Terrestrial RAN Femtocell Delivery drone Rural area Pico cell Connected, Autonomous, Networked CAN-UAVs Timeline Technology Policy

SpaceX 29 Mar 2018: FCC approves SpaceX plan to launch 4,425 broadband satellites (Starlink) 2019  2027 SpaceX documents filed to the FCC reveal that the plan involves placing 4,425 satellites about 700 miles up and another 7,518  around 210 miles up.

Unmanned Vehicles MIT, Lincoln Lab