Introduction to the Structural Units Chapter 1

Anatomy & Physiology Page 2 These are branches of a much larger science called biology. Biology = the study of all forms of life Anatomy = Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology = Function of each body part and how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism Disease = any abnormal change in a structure or function that produces symptoms Biology studies microscopic one-celled organisms, multicellular organisms, plant, animals, & humans Anatomy (Greek ana = apart & temueins = to cut) the acquisition of knowledge on human anatomy comes form dissection

Branches of Anatomy Page 2 Gross anatomy = the study of large & easily observable structures on an organism Microscopic anatomy = the use of microscopes to enable one to see the minute details of organ parts. Cytology = the study of the structure, function, & development of cells that comprise the different body parts. Histology = the study of tissues & organs that make up the entire body of an organism Gross anatomy = This is done through dissection & visible inspection with the naked eye. In gross anatomy, the different body parts & regions are studied with regard to their general shape, external features, & main divisions. Microscopic anatomy = Ultra-wave & electron microscope provide greater magnification & resolution than optical microscopes do.

Branches of Anatomy: Cont. Page 2 Branches of Anatomy: Cont. Developmental anatomy = the study of the growth & development of an organism during its life time Embryology = the study of the formation of an organism from fertilized egg to birth Comparative anatomy = the study of humans body parts & organs when compared with those of other animals. Systematic anatomy = the study of the structure of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system

Anatomy Terminology Page 2 Anatomical position = a human being is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, & palms forward.

Terms Referring to Location or Position & Direction Page 2 Terms Referring to Location or Position & Direction Anterior or ventral = Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal = Back or in back of Cephalic & caudal = Toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior & inferior = Above or below another

Terms Referring to Location or Position & Direction Page 3 Terms Referring to Location or Position & Direction Medial & lateral = Toward or away from the midline Proximal & distal = Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial/external & deep/internal = On or near the surface or deep inside

Terms Referring to Body Planes & Sections Pages 3 – 4 Terms Referring to Body Planes & Sections Sagittal plane = Right & left parts Midsagittal plane = Equal right & left parts Coronal (frontal) plane = Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse (cross section) = Horizontal; divides body into upper & lower parts Planes = imaginary anatomical dividing lines hat are useful in separating body structures. Section = a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body Pages 4 – 5 Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body (Posterior) Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity contains the brain Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord Anterior (Ventral) cavity Thoracic cavity contains the esophagus, bronchi, lungs, trachea, thymus gland, & heart. Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, & part of the large intestine. Pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, & the remainder of the large intestine. The organs that comprise most of the body’s systems are located in 4 major cavities: cranial, spinal, thoracic, & abdominopelvic. The diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into two parts: the upper thoracic & lower abdominopelvic cavities Heart is contained in the pericardial cavity. The kidneys are not in the abdominopelvic cavity but just behind it

Figure 1 – 4 The major body cavities Page 5 Figure 1 – 4 The major body cavities

Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity Page 5 Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity Epigastric region = Just below sternum Hypochondriac regions = Located below the ribs (left & right) Umbilical (middle) = Located around the navel Right & left lumbar = Extend from anterior to posterior Hypogastric (lower) = Pubic area Right & left iliac = Also called right & left inguinal areas

Figure 1 – 5 Regions of the thorax & abdomen Page 6 Figure 1 – 5 Regions of the thorax & abdomen

Page 5 Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity contains the eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, & lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity contains the parts that form the nose Oral/Buccal cavity contains the teeth & tongue

Terms Referring to Quadrants in the Abdominal Area Pages 5 – 6 Terms Referring to Quadrants in the Abdominal Area Another method for referencing the abdominal are is to divide the area into quadrants. This method uses one median sagittal plane & one transverse plane that passes through the umbilicus at right angles. The four resulting quadrants are named according to their positions: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ) & left lower quadrant (LLQ).

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Page 6 Life Functions Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions. Life functions = a series of highly organized & related activities that allow living organisms to live grow, & maintain themselves.

Life Functions (Cont’d) Page 7 Life Functions (Cont’d) Movement uses the Muscle system = The ability of the whole organism – or a part of it – to move Ingestion (Assimilation) uses the Digestive system = The process by which an organism takes in food Digestion uses the Digestive system = The breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler food molecules. The transformation of digested food molecules into living tissue for growth & self-repair.

Life Functions (Cont’d) Page 7 Life Functions (Cont’d) Transport uses the Circulatory system = The movement of necessary substances to, into, & around cells, & of cellular products & wastes out of & away from cells. Respiration uses the Respiratory system = The burning or oxidation of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, & carbon dioxide. Immunity uses the Lymphatic system = The filtering out of harmful bacteria & production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Life Functions (Cont’d) Page 7 Life Functions (Cont’d) Protection uses the Integumentary system = The waterproof covering of the body Growth uses the Skeletal system = The enlargement of an organism due to synthesis & assimilation, resulting in an increase in the number & size of its cells Secretion uses the Endocrine system = The formation & release of hormones from a cell or structure

Life Functions (Cont’d) Page 7 Life Functions (Cont’d) Excretion uses the Urinary system = The removal of metabolic waste products from an organism Regulation (sensitivity) uses the Nervous system = The ability of an organism to respond to its environment so as to maintain a balanced state (homeostasis) Reproduction uses the Reproductive system = The ability of an organism to produce offspring with similar characteristics Reproduction = This is essential for species survival as opposed to individual survival

Human Development Page 6 Cells – (50 trillion) the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. Early in human development, certain groups of cells become highly specialized for specific functions Tissues – special cells – grouped according to function, shape, size, & structure Organs – tissues, in turn, form larger functional & structural units Organ system – organs of the human body do not operate independently; the function interdependently to perform a function. Living depends on the constant release of energy in every cell of the body. Powered by the energy released from food, cells are able to maintain their own living condition & thus, he life of a human being.

Page 7 Homeostasis Homeostasis = ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits through negative & positive feedback. Maintaining homeostasis is essential to survival All organs systems contribute to homeostasis Most of homeostasis controls works on a negative feedback system

Page 8 Metabolism Metabolism = Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, & secretions Anabolism = the building up of complex material from simpler ones such as food & oxygen, & requires energy. Catabolism = the breaking down & changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy & carbon dioxide. The sum of all chemical reactions within a cell = metabolism.

Page 8 – 9 Metric System Metric system = A decimal system based on the power of ten & has measurements for length, weight, & volume Uses prefixes such as: mega-, kilo-, hecto, deca- (base unit) deci-, centi-, milli-, micro- Lengths measured in meters Weights measured in grams Volumes measured in liters