Warm-UP What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Branch of science that deals with structure of body parts Physiology: Branch of science that deals with functions of body parts

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy “Naked eye” anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Microscopic anatomy Cytology: study of individual cells Histology: study of tissues

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Levels of Organization Molecular a. Atoms- particles -( ex. proton, neutron, electrons) b. Molecules- bonded elements(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds) c. Macromolecules- large bonded molecules in human body 1. proteins 2.carbohydrates 3. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) 4. lipids

Levels of Organization Organelle specific structures which carry on cell activities Cell basic unit of life

Levels of Organization Tissue group of cells that work together to perform a particular function (ex. Blood, muscle) Organ Group of two or more tissues working together to provide for specific functions, usually a particular shape (ex. Lungs, heart, skin)

Levels of Organization Organ System consist of one or more organs that provide a common function Organism

Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3)

Can you name all 11 organ systems?????? Try it. Checkpoint Can you name all 11 organ systems?????? Try it.

Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Introduction to Organ Systems Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

Organ Systems Unit I

Your Template Name of Organ System Organs Function Abbreviated: fxn

Skeletal System FXN: Major Organs: Bones (206) Ligaments Tendons

Muscular System FXN: Major Organs: Muscles Tendons

Cardiovascular System AKA: Circulatory FXN: Major Organs: Heart Arteries Veins capillaries

Immune System Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Collecting ducts AKA: Lymphatic FXN: Major Organs: Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Collecting ducts

Nervous System FXN: Major Organs: Brain Spinal cord Nerves

Endocrine System FXN: Major Organs: Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thymus gland Pancreas Ovaries Testes Prostate gland

Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails Sebaceous glands Sweat glands FXN: Major Organs: Skin Hair Nails Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

Organ Systems-continued Anatomy

Respiratory System FXN: Major Organs: Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Alveoli lungs

Digestive System FXN: Major Organs: Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Rectum Anus

Excretory System Kidney Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra AKA: Urinary FXN: Major Organs Kidney Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Male Reproductive System FXN: Major Organs: Penis Urethra Prostate gland Vas deferens Epididymis Seminal vesicle

Female Reproductive System FXN: Major Organs: Vagina cervix Uterus Ovaries Uterine tubes/Fallopian tubes

Warm-UP What is homeostasis? List ways the human body maintains homeostasis. How do you think this happens?

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Ex. Temperature, heart rate, breathing, Ionic concentrations, Blood sugar levels, etc. Response to change Utilizes feedback mechanisms Largely controlled by Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Control Center processes information Effector that affects(responds to) the same stimulus

Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS: RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops 20o 30o 40o Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 1 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective/reverse response Response negates/opposes disturbance Returns to original set point Ex. Most controls, Temperature regulation, blood sugar

Negative Feedback Graph

Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR EFFECTOR Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process and takes body away from homeostasis Ex. Fruit ripening, labor contractions, blood clotting

Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

Homeostatic Regulation

What type of Feedback?

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation results in disorder, disease, or death First symptoms appear Then organ systems malfunction Signs might be measured/noticed by an observer http://www.bozemanscience.com/positive-and-negative-feedback-loops

Anatomical Terminology set of terms to describe positions of body parts and anatomy Anatomical position relative positions body sections body cavities

Standard anatomical position Body erect facing forward Upper limbs at side Palms forward Supine: Face up/forward Prone: Face down/back

Relative Positions Terms that compare two body parts and the location with respect to each other Anterior ( ventral) – front Posterior ( dorsal) – back Superior - above Inferior – below Lateral – away from midline (side to side) Medial – towards midline

Relative Positions Proximal – close to point of attachment Distal – further from point of attachment Superficial- near the surface Deep-away from the surface

Body Sections: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Separates top/bottom Frontal(aka coronal) plane Separates front/back Sagittal plane Separates left/right

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

Summary of Relative Positions:

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions

Organs: urethra, uterus, prostate gland, rectum, anus Human Body Dorsal body cavity Cranial body cavity Organ: brain Vertebral body cavity Organ: Spinal cord Ventral body cavity Thoracic body cavity Organs: esophagus, trachea Pleural body cavity Organs: lungs Pericardial body cavity Organ: heart Abdominopelvic body cavity Abdominal body cavity Organ: kidneys Peritoneal body cavity Organs: liver, stomach, s. intestine, l. intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen Pelvic body cavity Organs: urethra, uterus, prostate gland, rectum, anus

Body Cavities Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs

The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L - Lungs) Pericardial cavity (Heart) Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane

The Language of Anatomy

Microscopes!!!