Introduction to Earth/Environmental Science 1

Topic 1 – Science Lab Safety Standard 1.1 – I can understand and explain laboratory safety rules. Question: Why is it important to know lab safety symbols? 2

Science Lab Safety Act responsibly at all times in the laboratory. Follow all instructions given – orally or written by my teacher. (MOST IMPORTANT) Perform ONLY those activities assigned and approved by my teacher. Protect my eyes, face, hands and body by wearing proper clothing and using protective equipment provided by my school. Carry out good housekeeping practices as instructed by my teacher. Know the location of safety and first aid equipment in the laboratory. 3

Science Lab Safety Notify my teacher immediately of an emergency. NEVER work alone in the laboratory. NEVER eat or drink in the laboratory unless instructed to do so by my teacher. Handle living organisms or preserved specimens only when authorized by my teacher, and then always carefully and with respect. NEVER enter or work in a supply area unless instructed to do so and supervised by my teacher. 4

Activity 1 – Science Lab Safety Symbols 5

Topic 2 – Earth’s Systems Standard 1.2 – I can identify the branches of Earth Science and explain the interconnectedness of Earth’s systems. QUESTION: What are Earth’s major systems and how do they interact? 6

What is Earth Science? Earth Science The name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space. 7

The Study of Earth Science Earth scientist use several BIG IDEAS to guide them: Structure of Earth’s systems Earth’s history Earth in the solar system System – group of parts that work together as a whole Matter and energy constantly move from one part of the Earth system to another 8

The Study of Earth Science Energy – the ability to do work or cause change. Forces have change Earth’s surface throughout history: Constructive Forces Destructive Forces Shape Earth’s surface by building mountains and landmasses Slowly wear away mountains and every other feature on Earth’s surface 9

Earth science has several branches including: Geology – study of the forces that have shaped Earth Oceanography study of everything from chemistry of ocean water to ocean floor and marine organisms Meteorology – study of conditions in the atmosphere, weather, climate Astronomy – focus on solar systems, stars and galaxies 10

What is Environmental Science? The study of Earth’s environment and resources and how humans impact them

What Environmental Science deals with? Renewable Resources Plants, animals, water, wind Nonrenewable Resources Coal, oil, natural gas Population Growth Environmental Problems Pollution, global warming Natural Hazards Flooding, droughts, earthquakes

Earth’s Major Spheres/Systems Hydrosphere All water on Earth Oceans, rivers, streams, lakes & seas 97% of the water is salt water 3% of water is freshwater Atmosphere Gaseous layers above the surface of Earth Weather and Climate on Earth Makes life possible on Earth

Biosphere Beneath both the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Three Parts Core Geosphere/Lithosphere Beneath both the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Three Parts Core Mantle Crust Biosphere All organisms on Earth Environments where organisms live

How is the Earth divided? Equator, 0˚latitude, divides Earth into northern and southern hemispheres Prime Meridian, 0˚longitude, passes through Greenwich, England divide the Earth into western and eastern hemispheres

Determining Locations Global Grids Latitude distance north or south of the equator (east and west circles around the globe) Longitude distance east or west of the prime meridian (run north or south on a globe)

Topographic Maps Represents Earth’s 3-D surface in 2-D Shows elevations of the land Uses contour lines that indicates elevations Contour intervals indicate the differences in elevation between adjacent contour lines The scale is when a certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance at the surface Ex: 1:24,000 means 1 unit on a map equals 24,000 units on the ground

Using Latitude and Longitude

Topic 3: Methods of Science Standard 1.3 – I can understand experimental design and methods in science. Question: What do scientist use when they perform scientific investigations? 19

Experimental Design Scientific Method – a organized plan for gathering, organizing and communication of information Scientific Inquiry – a process that uses a set of skills to answer questions or to test ideas about the natural world. GOAL Solve a problem Better understand something

Experimental Design Problem/Question What do you want to know? Research Hypothesis Experiment Test your hypothesis Collect and Analyze Data Conclusion Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis

Evolution of a Scientific Idea Prediction – a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events Hypothesis – a possible explanation for an observation that can be tested by scientific investigation Scientific Theory – explanation of things or events that is based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations Scientific Law – rule that describes a pattern in nature 22

Parts of an Experiment Variable Independent Variable Factor that changes Two types Independent variable Dependent variable Independent Variable Fact YOU change AKA: Manipulated Variable Dependent Variable Factor that changes BECAUSE you changed something AKA: Responding Variable

Constant Trial Factors that never are changed from test to test Repeating the experiment 3 times for best result

Topic 4 – Measurements in Science Standard 1.4 – I can explain how measurements are used in science and how to determine the density of an object. Question: How do scientist determine the density of an object? 25

Measurement Types LENGTH Straight line distance between two points How long something is SI unit = meters (m) Tools for finding Meter stick or ruler

Temperature Amount of heat given off by an object Molecular Motion How hot or cold something is SI unit = Kelvin (K) ºC, ºF Tools for finding Thermometer

MASS Balances or scales How much Matter is in an object SI unit: kilogram (kg) Tools for Finding Balances or scales Note: Mass and Weight are two different things Mass never changes from place to place

VOLUME Regular object Irregular object Liquid Amount of Space an object takes up Units: L, mL, cm3 Tools: graduated cylinder or ruler Three Different Methods for finding Volume Regular object Irregular object Liquid

Finding Volume Liquids (water) Regular Object (block) Place the liquid in a graduated cylinder and read the level Regular Object (block) L * W * H Irregular Object (rock) Do Water Displacement Subtract water level without object from water level with object

Density Mass per unit Volume Unit: g/mL or g/cm3 Formula Density = mass ÷ volume Density of water is 1 g/mL Less means float More means sink