Human Factors and Flight Physiology Aerospace Engineering © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Principles of Engineering – Human Factors and Flight Physiology As a class, we will look at this clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLaSpfgVmCA Get your Notebook. In your notebook, draw the following slides (use colors) and make sure they are 4 per page: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Human Factors Advances in technology have reduced demand for human input Human input and decision making is often crucial at some level Pilots and flight crews provide the human component to flight. It is critical that aerospace designers as well as pilots and flight crews understand the limitations and capabilities of the human body, also called human factors, so that safety and efficiency are maximized at all times. Unmanned Ariel Vehicle, UAV, development has is eliminated the need for a human on board the aircraft and has reduced the need for human interaction on the ground.

Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Flight Physiology Pilots and the supporting flight crew provide the human dynamic for flight The body and mind strengths and limitations impact the design and operation of aircraft

Incidents and Accidents Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Incidents and Accidents More than 70% of aviation accidents and incidents are related to human factors Most accidents occur as result of a series of incidents The NTSB contains a wealth of factual information about aviation accidents. There are many examples of incidents and accidents involving aircraft available. Though some websites may present multimedia related to this content for entertainment, consider that people may have been seriously injured or killed as a result. As a potential future professional be respectful of this reality.

Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name SHEL Model Interrelationship between human factors and the aviation environment SHEL S = Software H = Hardware E = Environment L = Liveware A model developed by Edwards and Hawkins of the International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, to provide a framework for safety management systems. Liveware is a component of the SHEL model. Liveware is also the central figure that each component will affect. Therefore if the pilot (liveware) has an issue, all systems are affected. If systems have issues, they affect the pilot (liveware).

Liveware Failure: Incapacitation Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Liveware Failure: Incapacitation Not able to perform at normal levels Sudden Subtle Total Partial Distraction Recognized Unrecognized Sudden – Occurs in the moment without warning. A pilot collapse (heart attack, seizure, etc.) could be fatal. If a crew member is present, the first priority is to maintain flight. Subtle – Unnoticed by pilot or crew Total – Completely incapacitated Partial – Fatigued, sick, etc. Distraction – Personal issues, control issues, etc. Recognized or Unrecognized – Does the pilot recognize that an issue exists?

Human Body System A human body has multiple systems which impact aircraft and spacecraft design Understanding these systems help Aerospace Engineers design safer vehicles

Cardiovascular System Maintains an uninterrupted blood movement including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste The heart pumps blood into arteries, capillaries, and then tissue and cells

Central Nervous System Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Central Nervous System Collects, transfers and processes information with the brain and spinal cord The brain controls physiological, mechanical, and mental functions through electrical and biochemical signals. The spinal cord Bundle of nerves located in the spine that allow the signals transmitted from the brain to travel to other parts of the body. Nerves deliver information to and from the central nervous system and provide feedback to control breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

Musculoskeletal System Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Musculoskeletal System Support bones Allows for movement The muscular and skeletal systems work together to move the human body. Muscles contract, or shorten, and pull on bone to bring about movement. Muscles are connected to bones by tissue called tendons. Skeleton are made up of bones. Muscles pull on bone to bring about movement. Tendons link bone and muscle.

Respiratory System Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood stream through lungs

Metabolic System Allows all body systems to work together Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Metabolic System Allows all body systems to work together Converts resources into substances, chemicals, and energy to support brain and body activity The metabolic system is comprised of the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid.

Vestibular System Crucial for Impact on aviation Balance Sense of spatial orientation Impact on aviation Helps to maintain orientation Can give confused messages

References International Civil Aviation Organization (2009). Safety Management Manual (SMM). Retrieved from http://legacy.icao.int/anb/safetymanagement/DOC_9859_FULL_EN.pdf