Unit 4: Neurobiology Lesson 6: Brainstem & Brain Imaging ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What are the various structures of the human brain, and how is the brain studied? #s to know– TURNOUT MATTERS!!!!!: Trump got fewer votes than either Romney in 2012 or McCain in 2008 Clinton got 5 million fewer votes than Obama in 2012 Daily Comentary Watch the video, then respond to daily commentary. Today’s Plan: Daily Commentary Quiz / Review of Quiz brain imaging techniques Brainstem & limbic system Superhero Project Independent research

TODAY’s PLAN & Assignments DUE Unit Plan Lesson 1: done Lesson 2: done Lesson 3: done Lesson 4 & 5: today Quiz after lesson 4 Lesson 5: today Lesson 6: Today Lesson 7: Nov 14 & 15 Lesson 8: Nov 16 Review Packets Due 11/16 Superhero Presentations: 11/17 Unit Test: FRI, Nov 18 Next Units: Motivation & Learning Disorders & Therapies HOMEWORK Assigned: For Lesson 6: Readings / Online Modules See Lesson Map Myers 67-74 Module #11 Superhero “Project” For Lesson 7: Readings: Myers 74-82; Griggs 56-64 Module #12 For Lesson 8: Readings: Myers 82-91; Griggs 62-64; Articles: “Left Brain knows what the Right Hand is Doing.” “Phantom Pain” Modules: #12 & #13

Super Hero Project Create and present your own superhero. DUE: 11/7 RESTRICTION: YOUR SUPERHERO MAY USE ONLY ONE LOBE OF THEIR BRAIN; ALL THEIR ABILITIES MUST BE CONCENTRATED IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE WITHIN THAT LOBE. DUE: 11/7

FRQ Analysis John slams finger in car door: Afferent Neuron Dendrite Action Potential Depolarization Synapse Susan suffers from MDD Reuptake Serotonin SSRI

Behaving Brain Neurons: up to 4:20 Physiology begins at: 4:50

Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued. Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

PET Scan – Positron Emission Tomography visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Glucose is given by doctors / researchers to create a contrast that allows the image Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images shows ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

CT Scan/ CAT SCAN Computerized Axial Tomography Takes a series of x-ray images from different angles Uses a computer to piece them together to create cross-sectional images of different slices of the brain Also can be used to image bones, soft tissues, etc.

Techniques to study the brain: A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction. OBJECTIVE 11| Describe several techniques for studying the brain. Hubel (1990)

Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. OBJECTIVE 12| Describe the components of the brainstem and summarize the functions of the brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum.

Brain Stem The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Brain Stem The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Cerebellum The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

The Limbic System The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. OBJECTIVE 13| Describe the structures and functions of the limbic system, and explain how one of these structures controls the pituitary gland.

Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Reward Center Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture). Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

Super Hero Project Create and present your own superhero. DUE: 11/18 RESTRICTION: YOUR SUPER ABILITY SHOULD BE BASED ON ONE SPECIFIC LOBE OF THEIR BRAIN; ALL THEIR ABILITIES MUST BE CONCENTRATED IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE WITHIN THAT LOBE. DUE: 11/18

Theories of Emotion

Independent Research Complete your brain “cheat sheet” handout Recommended resources include: Your text Psychsim5: “Brain & Behavior” – this is a good one “Dueling Brains” “Hemispheric Specialization” When research is done, do Superhero Project: Create and present your own superhero. RESTRICTION: YOUR SUPERHERO’s special ability MAY USE ONLY ONE LOBE OF THEIR BRAIN; ALL THEIR ABILITIES MUST BE CONCENTRATED IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE WITHIN THAT LOBE.