WHAP: The Big Picture

Ancient (8000 – 600 BCE) Interactions among groups limited to those geographically nearby, but over time interactions increased steadily in frequency and distance. Importance of physical geography and the natural environment interacting with human activities to shape change and continuity. Development of agriculture and early agricultural communities. The appearance of the earliest urban-based societies. Rise of civilization

Europe: --- East Asia: Shang, Zhou Middle East: Mesopotamia, Egypt South Asia: Indus Valley (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro) Africa: Egypt, Nubia Americas: ---

Classical (600 BCE – 600 CE) Larger and more powerful – empires More complex cultures – world religions, advanced art and literature Written records (more and better) – introduction of phonetic alphabets More complex long-distance trade (Silk Road, Indian Ocean) More contact between nomads and sedentary people

Europe: Greece, Rome Middle East: Persia Africa: Axum East Asia: Qin, Han South Asia: Maurya, Gupta Americas: Olmec, Chavin

Postclassical (600 – 1450 CE) Belief systems as unifying forces. Existing religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism and Buddhism New religion: Islam “Civilization” spreads to many parts of the globe. Major empires in South America and Mesoamerica Increased interdependence of numerous societies (trade and communication networks are solidified) Nomadic groups have a huge impact (Bedouins in Middle East/North Africa and Mongols in Asia)

Europe: Feudalism, HRE East Asia: Tang, Song, feudal Japan, Mongols Middle East: Byzantine, Mongols South Asia: Delhi Sultanate Africa: Ghana, Swahili Coast, Zimbabwe Americas: Aztec, Maya, Inca

Early Modern (1450 – 1750 CE) Eastern and Western hemispheres joined > world trade networks connected Balance of power shifts to western Europe (sea-based power over land-based power) Land-based empires are still important as they expand over nomadic groups using gunpowder (“Gunpowder Empires”) Transformation of labor systems (slavery expands as natives died from disease) Drastic environmental change (imported domestic animals, new crop exchanges, land cleared, disease spreads)

Europe: Kingdoms (England, Spain, HRE), Tsarist Russia East Asia: Ming, Qing South Asia: Mughal Middle East: Ottoman, Safavid Americas: Colonial Rule Africa: Mali

Modern (1750 – 1900 CE) World dominated by “the West” Industrialization… revolutionizes communication and commerce enhances power of “the West” increases gap between rich and poor Revolutions and independence movements transform the political landscape; Enlightenment philosophies take hold; this leads to a developing sense of nationalism Migrations to the Western Hemisphere > end of slavery Inequality becomes a focus – reform movements begin

Late Modern (1900 – Present) Hegemony: first western Europe (1900-1945); then U.S. and USSR (1945- 1991); finally U.S. (1991-present?) Conflict and diplomacy/change in the nature of warfare > importance of international organizations to address changing balance of power Nationalism continues as large empires break into smaller ethnic based countries (decolonization in Africa/Asia, breakup of USSR) Social reform continues (women, peasants, Marxism, religious fundamentalism) Revolutions and experimentation with different versions of communism and socialism (Russia, China, Latin America) Demographic changes (especially in “Third World”) Globalization

1914

Theme: Trade and Interactions 8000 – 600 CE (Ancient + Classical) Rise of Europe Beginnings of trade (region to region) Renaissance Iron Age Protestant Reformation River Valley trade Scientific Revolution Early Silk Road (Rome > Han) 1750 – 1900 CE (Modern) 600 – 1450 CE (Postclassical) Decline of aristocracy/rise of commerce Known world connected Revolutions Silk Road Daimyo Crusades European dominance Mongols Industrial Revolution Indian Ocean/Trans-Saharan Trade Imperialism Rise of Islam End of trans-Atlantic slave trade Hanseatic League (Europe) Unequal treaties in Asia 1450 – 1750 CE (Early Modern) Japan industrializes 1900 – Present (Late Modern) World connected (Eastern + Western hemispheres) Columbian Exchange Isolationism Atlantic slave trade Great Depression Gunpowder Empires (land trade) Globalization Silver floods Eastern markets Global trade org. (World Bank, WTO)

Theme: Political Developments Foundations (8000 – 600 BCE) Governments emerge as people settle; need to control agriculture/irrigation Gunpowder Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Ming China) Political power: Persia, Rome Monarchy (absolutism – Spain, France, HRE, Russia; constitutionalism – England, Netherlands) Government Types Modern (1750 – 1900 CE) Mostly monarchy or oligarchy Greek democracy Political revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American) Roman republic Military empires (Assyria, Persia, Rome, China) Collapse of old empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Qing) Postclassical (600 – 1450 CE) Creation of new countries (Germany, Italy) Colonial domination Formal restrictions placed on monarchies; large- scale legal systems emerge Political power; British Empire Late Modern (1900 – Present) Political power: China, Mongols Government Types: World War breaks up political power of Europe Feudalism in Europe, Japan Polarized world during Cold War (U.S. vs. USSR) Mongols unite Eurasia under empire Political power: United States, USSR Large kingdoms (Mali, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Delhi Sultanate, Aztecs, Incas) Growth of new democracies (Latin America, Africa) Early Modern (1450 – 1750 CE) Totalitarian dictatorships (Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia) Centralized governments with bureaucracies; national states with fixed borders and national unity Political power: British Empire, Ottoman