Industrial Perspectives of Quantum Communications in Flagship QT Flagship Community Consultation Workshop Berlin, 10th November 2016 Industrial Perspectives of Quantum Communications in Flagship Andrew Shields Toshiba Research Europe Ltd, Cambridge UK With input from QUTE Industry Group ETSI Industry Specification Group in QKD

Quantum Communications: Markets and Applications From “The Quantum Age: technical opportunities” published by UK Government Office for Science (3/11/16) General telecom Financial networks Healthcare networks Corporate networks Cloud storage Potential Markets are large … Cyber Security1 £164bn by 2021 Communication Network equipment2 >£50bn by 2019 Photonics3 £360bn in 2015 Semiconductors4 £270bn in 2014 Consumer QKD Mobile devices Satellite secure comms Quantum repeater networks Cloud based quantum computing Quantum sensor networks How large is large enough? Flagship programme = £100 M/annum Total investment in QT in Europe = £500 M/annum ? European spend on R&D5 = 2% of GDP Required contribution to GDP = £25 bn/annum 3-5 years 5-10 years 10 years + Quantum RNG Off-site back up Government Defence 1 www.marketsandmarkets.com/market -reports/cyber-security-market-505.html 2 www.infonetics.com/pr/2015/1H15-Networking-Ports-Highlights.asp 3 www.wsts.org/press/recent-news-release 4 www.marketsandmarkets/market-reports/photonics-markets-88194993.html 5 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/R_%26_D_expenditure

But… Market Inhibitors High Cost QKD systems are relatively expensive. New technologies (eg PICs, FPGAs, ASICs) are needed to reduce capital cost and size. Lack of Network Integration QKD has largely operated on expensive, point-to-point dark optical fibre. Using lit fibre and conventional architectures is important to reduce deployment cost. Lack of Crypto Integration and Applications Need to develop complete cryptographic solutions that exploit advantages of q.crypto These solutions should be demonstrated in relevant applications. New players important. Absence of Standards and Certification Standards will allow interoperability of systems and accelerate integration & applications. Standards also important to ensure that protocols are implemented securely. Certification of conformity to standards is important for some customers (eg Government).

Stimulating the Market Fund technology demonstrators and pilot projects Promotes technology and application development Demonstrators enable user engagement gather feedback to refine technology to address customer desires and to develop business models Builds a supply chain for quantum technologies components – assemblies – systems – test & certification - applications – services market impact requires a broader field of actors than currently engaged Promotes industrial standardisation by directly addressing integration of different technologies Also a good way to deliver success stories for the Flagship

Technical Challenges y <3 years 3-6 years 6-10 years Smaller, Faster, Cheaper devices for QKD, QRNG Air-based quantum communications Cloud-based Quantum Computer Network architectures (access networks, switching etc) Sensor Networks y Implementation Security Practical prototypes for device-independent implementations New quantum primitives (digital signatures, bit commitment etc) Quantum Comms with Satellites Industrial Standards Global Comms with Quantum Repeaters Quantum Sources Quantum Relays Quantum Memory Quantum Detectors <3 years 3-6 years 6-10 years

5-Year Vision: Integration with Conventional Networks & Crypto Expected Outcomes A quantum secure European backbone network connecting major cities using trusted-node technologies. Low cost metro and access networks to allow multiple user connectivity. Integration of quantum communications with conventional network infrastructure and traffic for low cost deployment. Combine quantum cryptography and quantum resistant algorithms for holistic quantum safe cryptographic infrastructures. Improved implementation security including practical device-independent implementations. Demonstrate applications in a wide range of markets. Industrial standards to allow interoperability, integration and security assurance. Quantum Access Network (within a community) Quantum Backbone Network (between cities) Quantum Metro Network (within a city) Residential Office Hospital Bank Central

10-Year Vision: Entanglement-Enabled Quantum Networks Expected Outcomes Long distance (>1000km) quantum communications based on quantum repeaters. Intercontinental quantum communications based on quantum repeaters or satellites. Improved device independent implementations. Distributed quantum computing and remote programming of quantum simulators and computers. Distributed quantum sensing networks based on fibre optic networks. Practical components: quantum sources, memory, detectors, photonic processors etc

Industry Wishlist With input from QUTE Industry Group Application oriented R&D with expectation of economic impact Goal-oriented partnerships between academia, industry, gov labs etc Strong focus on operational prototypes and challenge-led projects Application focus reflected in strategy, calls, proposal evaluation criteria, evaluation etc Industry steer on the relevant panels and committees of the Flagship Mechanisms promoting innovation Flexible targeted efforts to develop specific instruments / solutions Innovation exploration and start-up funding schemes Pre-commercial procurement, lowering risk of early adopters by helping them access QT Directly support work on standardisation and certification Direct funding to industry (complementing its own investment) essential to secure industrial engagement and commitment

Summary Great opportunities for exploitation of Quantum Communications in Europe However, barriers to commercial development remain (high cost, lack of integration, applications and standards) Flagship should address these barriers as a first priority through technology demonstrators and pilot projects This should be balanced with longer term R&D on entanglement based networks

Quantum Cryptography promises… Long-term secrecy Data encrypted with conventional crypto vulnerable to future technological advances. Quantum crypto attractive for long term secrets, eg corporate, health or financial data. Security from quantum computer Shor’s algorithm will severely weaken conventional (RSA) public key cryptography. Need to prepare quantum-computer safe infrastructures now. Solution to random number generation problem High quality random numbers important for all cryptography Quantum processes impossible to predict and yield high entropy numbers at high rates Physical layer security Well suited to low latency, high bandwidth encryption and to secure comms infrastructure. Can be used in conjunction with quantum resistant algorithms in higher OSI levels