Objective 4.01: Similarities & differences among the kingdoms

VOCAB ALERT Eukaryotic – cell with a defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic – cell without a defined nucleus and lacks membrane bound organelles. 3. Unicellular – organisms made of 1 cell only Multicellular – organisms made up of many cells. 5. Autotroph – carries out photosynthesis; makes its own food.

6. Heterotroph – does NOT carry out photosynthesis; must eat food. Cell Wall – Rigid structure located outside the cell membrane that provides protection and support Asexual Reproduction - parent cell divides into two identical cells; does not involve gametes; only one parent!!

9. Sexual Reproduction – involves 2 parents and produces an offspring that is not identical to either parent; involves gametes. 10. Cilia – hair-like extensions that help movement 11. Flagella – Tail-like extension that aids in movement.

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Unicellular No defined nucleus. They do have a “nucleoid region” where the DNA is located. DNA is organized as a single, circular chromosome. No membrane bound organelles. Do have ribosomes Tend to be smaller than eukaryotic organisms.

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms Multicellular Defined nucleus DNA is organized into multiple, linear chromosomes. Contain membrane bound organelles Do have ribosomes Tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells.

1. Archaebacteria “Ancient” bacteria Prokaryotic Cell (Very Simple!) Unicellular Both autotrophs & heterotrophs Has a Cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan Reproduce asexually Some are motile (can move) Live in extreme environments (Hot, Salty, Acidic) Volcanic hot springs, Salt marshes

2. Eubacteria Kingdom “Recent” bacteria Prokaryotic Cell Unicellular Both autotrophic & heterotrophic Reproduce asexually Some are motile Cell wall has peptidoglycan (thick!) Found nearly everywhere

3. Protista Kingdom Organisms that cannot be classified as an Animal, Plant, or Fungi. Least satisfying of the classifications because members display the greatest variety. 3 Classifications Animal-like Protists: Amoeba, Paramecium Plant-like Protists: Unicellular & Multicellular; Algae Fungi-like Protists: Slime molds & Water molds

3. Protista Kingdom Eukaryotic Most are unicellular, some are multicellular Autotrophs & heterotrophs Reproduce sexually & asexually Some are motile Some have a cell wall (plant-like)

Adaptations in Protists Euglena have two structural adaptations: Flagella – Used for movement Eyespot – Used to detect light. Paramecium also have two structural adaptations. Cillia – Used for movement Contractile vacuole – To remove excess water Amoeba have one structural adaptation: Psuedopod – “false foot” used for movement

Videos for Protist Adaptations Euglena Flagella Euglena Movement Euglena Eyespot Paramecium Movement Paramecium Contracile Vacuole Amoeba movement Amoeba LUNCH!!!

Protist Rap Wack Rap about Protists

4. Fungi Kingdom Eukaryotic Most are multicellular (mushrooms), although some are unicellular (yeast) Heterotrophic: Absorb their food from environment. Feed on dead/decaying organic matter Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source. Absorb the food molecules through their body. Have a cell wall (chitin) Reproduce sexually & asexually Non-motile

5. Plant Kingdom Eukaryotic Multicellular Photosynthetic Autotrophs Have a cell wall (cellulose) Reproduce sexually & asexually Non-motile Includes: Cone-bearing and flowering plants, mosses, & ferns. Plants and Structural Adaptations

Nonvascular Plants These plants do NOT have vascular tissue. These plants live low to the ground. They get their water directly from the surroundings by osmosis. Must live in damp/wet environments. Includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts

Vascular Plants Have vascular tissue Vascular Tissue is made up of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water from the roots to other parts of the plant Phloem transports sugar from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Gymnosperms Literally means “naked seed” A type of vascular plant whose seeds are in a cone. Cone = reproductive structure Have needle like leaves. Gymnosperms

Angiosperms Literally means “vesseled seed”. A type of vascular plant that uses flowers for reproduction. Reproduction in Angiosperms

Parts of a Flower

6. Animal Kingdom Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs Reproduce sexually No cell walls Motile, except sponges. Very diverse