Cognitive Processes PSY 334

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Cognitive Processes PSY 334 Chapter 5 – Meaning-Based Knowledge Representation July 22, 2003

Demos Penny Eidetic imagery (photographic memory)

Wanner’s Experiment People do not remember exact wording. Two sentences differ in style Two sentences differ in meaning Subjects warned or not warned to pay attention to style Memory is better for changes in wording that affect meaning. Warning only helps memory for style.

Memory for Visual Information Memory for pictures is very strong and better than for words. Mandler’s study – token vs type changes. Type = meaning Token = detail Type changes were easier to identify than token. Picture memory depends on meaning.

Droodles Bower, Karlin & Dueck presented droodles with or without their captions. Subjects given labels were able to redraw them with 70% accuracy. Subjects without labels were 51% accurate. Memory depended on meaningful interpretation.

Retention of Detail Perceptual detail is encoded but quickly forgotten. Gernsbacher’s picture reversals: 10 sec delay = 79% accuracy 10 min delay = 57% accuracy. Anderson’s story sentences: Immediate test = 99% correct 2 min delay = 56% correct Delay does not affect meaning accuracy.

Implications Memory is enhanced if people can attach meaning to material. Loud and fast rehearsal doesn’t work. Meaningless words can be better remembered by adding meaning: DAX is like “DAD” GIB is first part of “gibberish” KA6PCG