DO NOW: What do you already know about Ancient Greece? AIM: How did Ancient Greece establish itself as a dominant power in the western world? DO NOW: What do you already know about Ancient Greece? Roots of Greek Civilization: -Minoan Culture – 3000 BCE (Island of Crete - Phoenicians)  Cultural Model For  Mycenaean Civilization 2700 BCE (Peloponnesian Peninsula = earliest developed culture on mainland Greece) -1400 B.C.E Minoan civilization vanished. Mycenaean’s came under attack (Dorians) As power faded, people abandoned their cities and trade declined ~ 1100 B.C.E -From 1100 BCE – 800BCE Greek civilization seemed to take a step backward. People forgot many skills including writing. We get most of our history of this time period from two epic poems – the Iliad and the Odyssey -The Illyiad: Chief source of information about the Trojan war Achilles – the mightiest Greek warrior -The Odyssey: Tells of the many struggles between the struggles of the Greek hero Odysseus on his return home to his wife Penelope. The poem is tradiationally ascribed to Homer (circa 700 B.C.E.), who is considered the earliest Greek poet. Little is known about Homer's life, but ancient Greek playwrights referred to him as a "gifted blind poet." Some scholars believe that a line from a choral song attributed to Homer confirms this description:"If anyone should ask you whose song is sweetest, say: blind is the man and he lives in rocky Chios."Other scholars believe that "Homer" was the name given to a collective group of bards who sang Mycenaean folktales to entertain the nobles of Ionia, located on the west coast of Asia Minor.It is generally believed that the exact author of The Odyssey is not as important as the ancient Greek values it contains. By listening to the stories in the poem, ancient Greeks learned standards of honorable behavior. These values, forged in the "Age of Heroes" during the Mycenaean Period, became the foundations of ancient Greek society. The Odyssey is a 12,000-line Greek epic poem dating from the eighth century B.C.E. An epic poem is a long poem divided into sections, or "books," that focuses on the extraordinary deeds and adventures of a hero. According to ancient Greek tradition, heroes were men who were born to one divine and one human parent. The story of The Odyssey recounts the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus during his 10-year voyage home to Ithaca after the end of the Trojan War in the thirteenth century B.C.E. Odysseus is considered the ideal Greek hero: an aristocratic soldier of superior strength, intelligence, and courage, favored by the Gods. Greek Mythology Greek gods and goddesses (polytheistic belief system) Twelve main Olympians Mount Olympus Ruled every aspect of human life

Geography Shapes Ancient Greece Greece is located on peninsula in Southern Europe. The Balkan Peninsula stretches south into the Mediterranean Sea. Covered with rugged mountains. No long rivers. Mild climate, hot summers.

Asia Minor Aegean Sea Adriatic Sea Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea +Marathon Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea

Geography Shapes Greece Polis: Greek city-state. Made up of a major city or town and its surrounding countryside. Mountains divided Greeks from one another. Seas provided a vital link to the outside world. Acropolis: high city, stood on top of a hill with a great marble temple dedicated to different gods or goddesses

Governing the City-States Citizens: free residents Between 750 BCE and 500 BCE, different forms of government evolved in Ancient Greece Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy Have students define each term before moving on.

Would you rather be an Athenian or Spartan? Speech Activity

SIMILARITIES -Direct Democracy -Only male citizens Involved in government -trade with other city-states -Education for the boys only -Boys/men served in the Military at 18 for 2 years -Women were not equal -Navy -Located by the water -Military Oligarchy -Military society -Trade and travel not allowed -Military training for all boys -Girls to be trained to be mothers of soldiers -Women obey men but they could own property and had rights. -Army -Located inland -same language -Olympics -city-states -located in Greece -same gods and religious beliefs DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES

Athens vs. Sparta

AIM: Should Greece be credited for the foundations of Western Civilization? Do Now: Based on what you already know about the Greek city- states, if you had to fight in a war with either Sparta or Athens, would you want to be in the Spartan army or the Athenian army? Support your answer with EVIDENCE!

1010 Map retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213,_Versailles,_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg The Persian Wars The Expansion of the Persian Empire The Ionian Revolt The Battle of Marathon The Battle of Thermopylae The Battle of Salamis

THREE MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE PERSIAN WARS 1) More than ever before Spartans, Athenians and residents of other Greek city-states referred to themselves collectively as “Greeks” 2) Greeks had new level of confidence 3) Athens enters a Golden Age The Persian Wars were immensely important in the history of ancient Greece. Working together to defeat a common foe reminded the Greek city-states that they shared a common language, culture, and religion. After the wars ended, Spartans, Athenians, and residents of other Greek city-states referred to themselves collectively as "Greeks" more than they had in the past. Additionally, victory over the mighty Persian Empire filled the Greeks with a new level of confidence. At times, this confidence expressed itself as sheer arrogance. For example, in Herodotus's history of the Persian Wars, he repeatedly referred to the Persians as "barbarians." However, this newfound confidence led to the development of stunning cultural achievements, especially in the city-state of Athens. The Athenians were determined to rebuild their city and make it one of the most spectacular in the ancient world. During the 40 years following the Persian Wars, the achievements of the Athenians - in theater, philosophy, sculpture, architecture, and government - were so numerous that many have referred to the period as the "Golden Age" of Athens.

democracy Athens One of the most important ancient Greek city-states Birthplace of democracy Modern foundations – art, literature, philosophy democracy demokratia demo: the people kratia: power or rule rule by the people

The Agora Agora = marketplace Place for recreation Men socialized there Center of Athenian life – government buildings, temples, stoas (columned buildings)

Greek Achievements Architecture: Greek Columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Parthenon Geography, Astronomy Equator, latitude and longitude, equinoxes, eclipses Medicine Hippocrates – Hippocratic Oath Zoology Evolution, natural selection Military Phalanx

Achievements Engineering Lever, force Mathematics Euclid - Geometry, Pythagoras – Pythagorean Theorem Physics Atoms, protons, neutrons, repelling forces Theatre, poetry & drama Tragedies and comedies Sports Olympics

Thinkers, Artists, Philosophers Herodotus – historian Socrates, Plato, Aristotle – philosophers Logic (rational thinking) and rhetoric (art of skillful speaking) Archimedes – inventor Pericles – father of democracy Homer – writer Phidias - sculptor

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization Video Activity

Aim: Does Alexander deserve his reputation of ‘the great’? Do Now: What characteristics do you associate with a hero? What characteristics do you associate with a villain? Aim: Was Alexander the Great a hero or a villain?

The Downfall – The Peloponnesian War Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination. Sparta & other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League 431 B.C.E warfare broke out between Athens and Sparta – lasted 27 years

The Peloponnesian War Sparta had the geographic advantage Pericles took in surrounding peoples to Athens – Overcrowding led to disaster Pericles died from plague – unfit successors Committed savage acts against each other Ex: Sparta allied itself with Persia

The Peloponnesian War Spartans captured Athens, but did not destroy the city. For the next century, fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world By 359 BCE, Macedonia poised to conquer Greece

Macedonia & Greece In 338 B.C.E the Macedonian army conquered Greece Athens & other Greek city-states lost their independence. However, Greek culture spread from the Mediterranean to the borders of India. *All because of Alexander ‘the Great’

Background Macedonia – rugged, mountainous kingdom Rulers were of Greek origin and kept ties with their Greek neighbors. Philip II – lived in Thebes and admired Greek culture 359 B.C.E gained throne of Macedonia

Philip Conquers Greece 338 B.C.E – brought all of Greece under his control Bigger dream -> conquer the Persian empire. Did not achieve – he was assassinated at his daughters wedding. Alexander took the throne at 20 years old

Alexander Builds an Empire With Greece subdued, he moved into Persia He then moved from victory to victory, marching through Asia Minor to Palestine and south to Egypt and east again to Babylon With much of the Persian empire under his control, he headed farther east to northern India

Legacy Died at 32 years old – cause of death still questioned by historians Assimilation of Culture – local people absorbed Greek culture & in turn Greek settlers adopted local customs HELLENISM

Was Alexander the Great a hero or a villain? Exit Was Alexander the Great a hero or a villain?