17th and 18th Century Royalty in England (Britain) Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) reigned 1558- 1603 Queen of England TUDOR James VI and I of Scotland and England reigned Scotland 1567-1624, England 1603-1624 (Cousin of Elizabeth I) STUART Charles I (second son of James I) 1624-1649 King of England and Scotland STUART Civil War 1642-1646, 1647-1649 Interregnum-The Commonwealth: Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653-1658, Richard Cromwell 1658-59 Lord Protector

17th and 18th Century English and British Monarchs Charles II (son of Charles I) the Restoration 1660-1685 King of England and Scotland STUART James II (brother of Charles II) deposed in the Glorious Revolution 1685- 1688 King of England and Scotland STUART William III (nephew of James II) 1689-1702 and Mary II (daughter of James II) 1689-1694 Parliament becomes the main organ of government Monarchs of England and Scotland ORANGE/STUART Anne (daughter of James II) 1702-1714*Queen of England and Scotland, Queen of Great Britain after 1707 STUART George I (Elector of Hanover-great nephew of James I) 1714-1727* HANOVER

18th and 19th century British Monarchs George II-(son of George I )1727-1760*HANOVER George III- (Grandson of George II) 1760-1820**HANOVER George IV- (Son of George III) (Prince Regent 1811-1820) reigned 1820- 1830**HANOVER William IV- (Son of George III, brother of George IV) 1830-1837** HANOER Victoria-( niece of William IV) 1837-1901***HANOVER-SAXE Edward VII- (son of Victoria) 1901-1910***SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA *Monarch of Great Britain ** Monarch of the United Kingdom ***Empress/Emperor of India and Monarch of the United Kingdom

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Religion was a main concern of the English government. The creation of the Anglican church was instrumental in changing England to a Protestant country Parliament was overwhelmingly Protestant; the growth of nationalism in England can be attributed in part to Protestantism. Loyalty to the crown and state could only be recognized if you were of the state religion. But as we have seen, Protestantism lends itself to fission and a growing gap between Anglicans and schismatic sects soon came to dominate politics

English and British Governance Under the Tudors, Parliament was generally seen as necessary to give validity to laws that the monarch wanted passed. There was no immunity for members from arrest nor free speech in parliament. Members were elected by a small group of voters, in fact many were chosen by nobles for the counties (shires and towns) which they were supposed to represent Nobility was still important to governing

While Elizabeth ruled, these differences were contained by several factors: Elizabeth was much more concerned with loyalty to her than with what people believed. As long as there was no upset and overt dissonance she was content. Her counselors usually followed this same path. However, after James I ascended the throne both the wisdom of the monarch and his advisors in matters religious and political can be called into question.

James I: history In religion, James believed that he was divinely chosen by God to be the ruler. Symbolic of his power on earth were the bishops of the church. Puritans, the most numerous of the dissenters within the Anglican church, had no use for bishops. During James reign, while he would fulminate about Puritans, he had the capacity to understand that they constituted a large section of the population, and a majority of parliamentary members. Many of his nobles also subscribed to Puritanism

Puritanism Puritans were Anglicans. But they were Anglicans who wanted to make the church “pure” meaning they didn’t like what they felt to be leftover “Catholic” parts in Anglicanism. Bishops, crucifixes, ceremonial pomp all aggravated the Puritans This put them on a collision course with the church hierarchy and politically with the monarchy Factions within English society soon came to be represented within Parliament, mostly centered on religion. But, as it became apparent that political favoritism went to Anglicans it also took on political overtones

Charles I Charles I took the throne at a time when the crown was essentially bankrupt and seen throughout English society as corrupt. James I had favorites to whom he dispensed much of the wealth of the land, and rewarded with high office. Puritans in Parliament used the opportunity of the change in monarchs to agitate for and aggressively push for Charles to come around to their point of view. Charles was much less astute than his father in these matters and the fact that he married a French Catholic princess did not help

Charles I Parliament took to passing laws designed to purify the church and to bring more of government under their control. Charles, who decided when Parliament could meet, would prorogue it delaying any implementation of laws he did not like. Finally, a small group of Parliament men got Parliament to pass a bill in which the rights of Parliament to decide on all aspects of government was clearly stated. Charles declined to sign this and ended the session. For 11 years Charles ruled without Parliament and went to great lengths to imprison and harass those he saw as his opponents

Charles I