Organic Compounds

Simple Organic Compounds Organic means carbon containing 90% of all compounds organic compounds Most are synthetic compounds

Carbon has 4 valence e- will bond with other elements to form chains that are either continuous, branched, or ringed

Carbon can form either single, double, or triple bonds Carbon can bond with many other compounds such as H, N, Cl, and O

Hydrocarbons Account for 90% of energy sources used in homes, schools, industry, and transportation

hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Homologous series describes the increase in molecular structure from one compound to the next compound in a series as the # carbons increases Boiling points Melting points Molar mass

Straight chains or branches alkanes Single bonds CnH2n+2 Straight chains or branches

10 simple hydrocarbons

Formulas pg 696 Molecular formula Complete structural formula Condensed structural formulas Carbon skeleton Line-Angle formula

alkenes Double bonds CnH2n

alkynes Triple bonds CnH2n-2

assignment Know name, formula, and structure of 10 simple hydrocarbons

Types of models

saturated hydrocarbons contain single covalent bonds. They are tightly packed and close together. They are solids and not good for you.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons containing at least one double or triple bond These are not tightly packed and will not become solids. They are better for you.

Isomers Compounds that have same molecular formulas but different structural formulas Joined in diff. order Have different physical properties Melting point Boiling points Chemical reactivity

stEREOISOMERS Bonds in same order with different spatial arrangement 2 kinds of stereoisomers Geometric Isomers Double or triple bonds prevent the rotation of the molecule Cis-branches on the same side Trans-branches on opposite sides Optical isomers Mirror images of each other Cannot be superimposed

Cyclic hydrocarbons Compounds containing a hydrocarbon ring

Aromatic hydrocarbons Organic compound containing a benzene ring or other ring with bonding similar to benzene C6H6 simplest formula Aromatic because gives aromas Vanilla, cinnamon, ginger, cloves Contain single ring or group of rings

Six carbons with one hydrogen attached to each leaving one electron per carbon free to bond Bonds between the carbons are shared equally Bonds are identical hybrids of single and double bonds (alternating double bonds increases stability)

Naming Aromatic Compounds

Substituted hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced Substituted Halogen Alcohols Organic Acid Esters

Substituted halogens One or more H is replaced by one or more Halogen(F, Cl, Br, or I) Freon(CCl2F2) used as a cooling liquid in refrigerators or air conditioners Trichlorethane(C2H3Cl3) Trichloethyene (C2Cl4) both used in dry cleaning & metal cleaning

alcohols Hydrocarbon in which one hydrogen is replaced with an hydroxyl group -OH

Ethanol is produced naturally by bacteria Methanol is poisonous used to make plastics and deicer of airplanes Ethanol is produced naturally by bacteria Good solvent Used in car as gas treatments Medicines Alcoholic beverages When used in industry-methanol is added to it to make it poisonous and it is called DENATURED ALCOHOL.

Organic acids -COOH Carboxyl Group One or more carboxyl groups are substituted Carboxyl Group -COOH

Organic acid examples What do you notice about these two structures? Butyric Acid Butter Acetic Acid Vinegar What do you notice about these two structures? Ant Stings & Certain Plants Apples

esters Combination of an organic acid and alcohol. Gives fruity smells to pineapples, bananas, apples, etc Also used in aspirins or other medications

polymers A very large molecule of many smaller molecules bonded together. Poly= many Monomers-the smaller molecules that are linked together to make up the chain of a polymer Mono= one Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers Wool Polyester Cotton Nylon Silk Plastic

Can you imagine? Why are mixtures, compounds, solutions, and suspensions important to living organisms? Living organisms are made of molecules of “other” substances such as the cell membrane components(fatty acids & lipids). These molecules must be in solution in order to function in the body. Other examples….

Organic vs. inorganic Compounds in living organisms are either Organic or Inorganic ORGANIC =CONTAIN CARBON(Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids) INORGANIC= NO CARBON We obtain energy from nutrients that are in the form of biomolecules There are 4 classes of biomolecules Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids

carbohydrates Provides fuel source for cellular activities Compounds containing C,H, & O. Twice as many H as O atoms Include sugars and starches

Sugars starches Glucose is the simplest sugar C6H12O6 Found in blood Provide quick energy after eating Made up of monomers of glucose Provide high long lasting energy Animals store as glycogen in liver and muscle cells Plants store as glucose molecules for later usage

Lipids Fats and oils Include animal fats such as butter and vegetable oil Contain fewer O atoms than H atoms Contain carboxylic acids Are either saturated or unsaturated

Unsaturated Saturated Plant lipids Monounsaturated contain one double bond Polyunsaturated contain two or more double bonds Usually liquids Animal lipids Saturated Solid

cholesterol A lipid made naturally by plants and animals The body uses it to make the cell membrane Can also be found in bile-a digestive fluid Too much in the body will cause damage to the heart and blood vessels Important to not eat a lot of saturated fats because our body already makes cholesterol(excessive amounts cause the problems)

Proteins Formed from chains of amino acids The building blocks of many components of organisms(enzymes are proteins) Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins Consist of an amine group –NH3 and a carboxylic group –COOH

To form protein Amino acids are joined by a PEPTIDE BOND to form proteins One Amino Acid combines with the organic group of another amino acid

Nucleic acids (dna & RNA) Control the cell activities and reproduction Composed of the monomers called nucleotides Nucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine, & cystosine)

Nucleotides Monomers of nucleic acids Composed of one organic base, a 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and a phosphate

nucleotides

Dna-deoxyribonucleic acid Found in nucleus of cell Double stranded Genetic code Codes and stores genetic information Base pairs (A-T & G-C)

Rna-ribonucleic acid Found in cytoplasm of the cell Single stranded Protein synthesis Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose(sugar) Contains Uracil instead of Thymine base

Rna structure compared to dna struture

comparison