East Meets West The Crusades

Reasons for the Crusades Holy Land was holy to Christians, Jews and Muslims (especially Jerusalem) Place where Jesus was born and died Looking for adventure and riches Few opportunities in feudal Europe Hatred of Muslims

Causes: Adventure After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure.

Causes: Religious Piety Intense Religious Piety Due in part to the Investiture Controversy (a significant conflict between secular and religious powers over the issue of who would control appointments of church officials). People became personally engaged in the dramatic religious controversy The Results: Intense Christian piety Public interest in religious affairs Popular support for the 1st Crusade The religious vitality of the 12th century Emperor Henry IV at the feet of Pope Gregory VII

Causes: Papal Politics Roman-Byzantine Rivalry Cluniac Reform caused the church in the West to be more attentive to business and provided impetus to attempt to reassert control The Great Schism, 1054, was a division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority.

Causes: European Expansionism In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and brought unity and strength to that country. After the capture of Toledo from the Moslems in 1087, it became the residence of the kings of Castile and the ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in 1091 and paved the way for the unification of that country.

Causes: Muslim Advances Events in Moslem World The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims). The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks. The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic.

Europe 1000-1100 Adventure Papal Politics Religious Piety Great Schism 1064 Europe 1000-1100 Adventure Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars c. 1000 Papal Politics Religious Piety Battle of Hastings 1066 Expansionism Investiture Controversy 1075+ Muslim Advances Cluniac Reform c. 1024 Constantinople Capture of Toledo from Muslims 1087 Rome Battle of Manzikert 1071 Pilgrimages Capture of Sicily from Muslims 1099

The Crusades After Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening the Byzantine Empire (Christians), Pope Urban II calls for Christians from Western Europe to protect the Byzantine Empire and to capture the Holy Land from its Muslim inhabitants Asia Minor

Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095 Objectives Drive Turks from Anatolia Obligate the Byzantines Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms (get the Greek Orthodox Church back) Capture Holy Land Have the Christians fight together, not each other Indulgence from sins - Exempt from taxes - Debts cancelled

GOD WILLS IT!! Pope Urban II calls the first Crusade - 1095 " Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, those who do not know God, the heathen (non Christians). Jerusalem wants to be free and begs you to come help! Who will take up this work, who will right these wrongs who will recover this territory, if you won't ?"     GOD WILLS IT!!

Even peasants wanted to fight. Peter the Hermit led the peasants, but most died before they reached the Holy land.

There were eight major Crusades There were eight major Crusades. Only the first one was really successful. Land and water routes to the Holy Land. Most gathered in Constantinople for the journey south.

The Crusaders Historians believe that 30,000 crusaders left Western Europe to fight in the First crusade. About 4,000 of those were knights, who were happy to try out their fighting skills. The rest of the crusaders were foot soldiers, archers (soldiers with bows and arrows), and cooks. Women and priests also traveled with the men in the army. The European Jews were the first to die by the Christians in the Crusades!!

Major Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

The Burning of Jerusalem The Crusaders were terribly cruel to the Muslims and to the Jews The First Crusade was the first and last victory for the Crusaders.

Christians set up 4 crusader states in the Holy Land and built Crusader Forts to establish feudalism

They were FIGHTING MONKS Two new order of Knights were established during the crusades: The Knights of the Temple, the Templars And The Knights of St. John, the Hospitallers They were FIGHTING MONKS

Then, in 1147 Edessa falls The Pope calls the 2nd Crusade

Major Events of Crusades Second Crusade 1147-1148 King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany were badly defeated! Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat

Saladin, leader of the Muslims began retaking land won in the First Crusade. Saladin’s Empire

Crusade of the Three Kings Third Crusade 1189-1191 Well-known in literature (Robin Hood) Was called to re-take the Holy land captured by Saladin Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire Saladin on Moslem side. Philip Augustus of France Richard the Lionhearted of England Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire

Richard never made it inside the walls of Jerusalem Richard never made it inside the walls of Jerusalem. Instead, he and Saladin made a Three year Truce

Major Events of Crusades Fourth Crusade 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

The Crusaders didn’t even make it to the Holy land The Crusaders didn’t even make it to the Holy land. They looted and raided Constantinople instead!! Pope Innocent III excommunicated all of the participants Are you crazy?? We Are not your enemies!! “How shall I begin to tell of the deeds done by these wicked men? They trampled the images underfoot instead of adoring them. They threw the relics of the martyrs into filth…. They broke into bits the sacred altar of Santa Sophia, and distributed it among the soldiers. When the sacred vessels and the silver and gold ornaments were to be carried off, they brought up mules and saddle horses inside the church itself.”

The spirit of the crusades had been lost. Very few crusaders ever made it to the Holy Land. The  "enthusiasm "  seen in the first crusades had been replaced by a hunger for wealth.

The Children’s Crusade Stephen,12 year old French shepherd,  had a vision that God wanted children to go on a new crusade to free Jerusalem from Muslims. He gathered 30,000 French children and marched 300 miles to Marseilles, France. The group was shipped out  in 7 ships loaded with 5,000 children, monks, and nuns. 2 ships were wrecked, 5 ships made it to North Africa where all were sold into slavery. Nicholas also a 12 year old shepherd and another child leader from Germany led 20,000 children from Germany over the Alps to Italy. Nicholas and the other leader’s armies of children sailed from Italian ports and were never heard from again. 50,000 children went, at least 10,000 died from disease, abuse, exposure, shipwreck, or attack. 23,000 never returned home.

Major Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade 1218-1219 Strategy- to wipe out the Muslim power at its power base in Egypt Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem Moslems agreed Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed

Major Events of Crusades Sixth Crusade 1229 Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire did little fighting and a lot of negotiation Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten (or fifteen) years Frederick was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting

Major Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade 1248-1254 Led by Louis IX of France The King was captured and later his vassals had to pay ransom Nearly an exact repeat of the 5th Crusade

Major Events of Crusades Eighth Crusade - 1270 Also led by Louis IX of France Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 (Acre) One small island stronghold lasted until 1303

Would call them a How about successful failure?? By 1291, the last piece of Christian land in the Holy Land was lost to the Muslims. The crusades were over. Would call them a Success Failure? Or a How about successful failure??

The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans Stimulated Mediterranean trade Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques Romantic and imaginative literature

Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Moslem minarets adopted as church spires Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes Enrichment was primarily from East to West - Europe had little to give in return.

Long Term Effect #1: Long Term Effect #1: Interaction between Western Europe and Muslim in Middle East - Cultural Diffusion

Increased trade between Europe and Middle East Long Term effect #2: Long Term effect #2: Increased trade between Europe and Middle East

Long Term Effect #3: Italians act as middlemen in the trade between Western Europe and Middle East - they become wealthy - leads to Renaissance

Long Term Effect #4: Legacy (long term effect) of distrust and hatred between Christians, Jews and Muslims

Long Term Effect #5: Growth of towns and cities along crusader routes; weakening of feudal system

Weakened nobles, and strengthened kings Long Term Effect #6: Weakened nobles, and strengthened kings