#6 - International Pressure to End Apartheid

Bishop Desmond Tutu Led economic fight against Apartheid Nonviolence Called for an economic boycott of his country. Organized peaceful marches Spoke in South Africa and abroad. Compared apartheid to Nazism 1984 - Desmond Tutu Won Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts

Private Corporations Turn up the Pressure: Divestment  US universities and colleges across US fully or partially divested from South Africa 1984-1985: United States Companies began pulling out of South Africa due to public pressure Examples: Coca Cola, General Motors, IBM 70 Companies withdrew Desmond Tutu - Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his efforts

International Sanctions 1985: United States, France, Canada, European Union: placed limited sanctions on South Africa 1986: United States imposed stricter sanctions as violence escalated

President F.W. de Klerk Became President September 1989 Realized the massive rioting indicated that Apartheid was no longer practical  Mass Democratic Movement (MDM): Led 2 day General Strike: 3 million Africans participated 28 demonstrators killed by police De Klerk’s response: February 1990 – legalized ANC Released Nelson Mandela from Prison in February 1990 (Jailed 1962-1990)

End of Apartheid! Meetings between Mandela and de Klerk Four Year “State of Emergency” Ended Apartheid Repealed 1953 -Separate Amenities Act repealed (1990) legalized the racial segregation of public premises, vehicles and services

More Laws Reversed 1913 Land Acts repealed (June 1991) – Allocated only 7% of land that could be occupied by blacks   March 1992: Referendum (only whites voted) Should apartheid be repealed? Many people wanted to end apartheid (68.6%) Referendum passed Multiracial government April 27, 1994: First Universal (multiracial) elections New Constitution – South African Supreme Court ruled it did not fully comply with the Constitutional Principles.

Election of 1994 Election of 1994: Mandela vs. de Klerk Nelson Mandela elected President DeKlerk – appointed 2nd VP What does Nelson have to deal with 1994: Population of South Africa Whites 16% Blacks 70% Mixed races 11% Asian 3% 1994: 80% of land owned by whites

New Constitution - 1996 1996: More democratic Constitution was created Equal rights Bill of Rights Reconciliation Land re-distribution DeKlerk stepped down in 1999

South Africa Today - Poverty Problem Although South Africa – 29th largest economy in the world; largest in Africa Unemployment: 25% (some argue up to 40%) 50% live below the poverty level (2000 estimate)   2010 World Cup of Soccer: Result – lots of investors into the country Today: High Poverty High Crime Rate Recession in 2009 Many people remain poor

Land Issues Land Distribution still a major issue   Government wanted 30% of farmland returned to blacks by 2014 By 2010 - only 8% had been reallocated. Current president propose d foreigners can only lease land not own it.

AIDS in South Africa South Africa has the 2nd highest AIDS/HIV patients in the world 1/7 is infected with the illness -5.6 million living with HIV -310,000 died in 2009  Retroviral drugs available through state funding Life expectancy: 49.41 years

Memberships World Trade Organization G-20 SACU (South African Customs Union) BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)

Major Industries Mining (world’s largest producer of Platinum, Gold, and Chromium) Automobile Assembly Metalworking Machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizers, foodstuffs (According to World Bank Report, South Africa ranks 35 out of 183 for ease of doing business)

But here is a link showing Black success post apartheid.   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g00XGJ2F1I0