Corporate Governance in Thailand: Glancing Behind and Looking Forward “CG Development in Thailand: The Three Disciplines” September 13, 2006 Deunden Nikomborirak Thailand Development Research Institute 11/11/2018

Outline of presentation 1. The face of Thai corporate governance ownership structure corporate conduct governance performance 2.State and private sector initiatives in promoting good governance: the 3 disciplines 3. Economic, political and Social Challenges 4. Conclusions 11/11/2018

1. The Face of Thai Corporate Structure & Governance 11/11/2018

Ownership Structure Concentrated ownership family-control was prominent particularly in finance and securities and property family-control declined in banking, finance and securities and property foreign bank’s share increased in both banking and finance 11/11/2018

Corporate practices Most common abuses were connected lending, connected transactions (siphoning of corporate funds). More recent abuses: insider trading and share prices manipulations through custodian ot nominee accounts. According to Achavanuntakul (2006), 21.4% of total SET market capitalization is accounted for by nominees. 11/11/2018

Doing Business in Thailand (2006) by The World Bank 11/11/2018

Corporate Governance Report of Thai Listed Companies by Thai Institute of Directors 11/11/2018

2. Initiatives taken to promote Good Corporate Governance 11/11/2018

3 pillars supporting corporate governance Regulation (SEC/SET) Market discipline (SRI) Self-restraint ( firm-level corporate conduct code) 11/11/2018

Regulations Many legal loopholes exist (definition of connected transactions, connected persons, definition of price manipulation, lack of regulatory authority to demand disclosure of UBOs) legal procedures not conducive to prosecution (criminal sanctions only, reliance on police force for investigation and attorney for to file a lawsuit) legal amendments in the pipeline. The SEC had resorted to preventive measures and administrative sanctions. 11/11/2018

Regulations Examples of preventive measures for connected transactions : requirements for submission of transactions that received shareholders resolutions, review of connected transactions and auditors’ reports. For illegal operation through nominees: “know your customer (KYC) & customer due diligence (CDD) requirement for brokers” Example of administrative sanctions: fines and black-listing. 11/11/2018

Regulations Shortcomings of administrative measures: lack of transparency, social sanctions, market discipline, case precedence and prone to discriminatory treatment 11/11/2018

Regulations SET imposes many regulations governing disclosures and board structure -- i.e., audit committee, independent directors, governance assessment and shareholders’ resolution required for large connected transactions . Shortcomings of SET measures: no clear penalties. 11/11/2018

Market-discipline corporate governance rating (by TRIS) good governance awards, disclosure awards, popular awards. reduction in fees and compensation for rating fees. But too few companies participated. Establishment of Institutional Investor Club and Investor Association. IIC still has no investment criteria and IA lacks personnel to pursue governance work 11/11/2018

Self-restraint Only a handful of Thai companies have governance code. According to Corporate Governance Report of Thai Listed Companies 2005” 3/4 of surveyed listed companies explicitly mentioned obligations to shareholders 2/3 mentioned obligations to customers < 1/3 mention safety and welfare of employees 1/5 mentioned environmental issues and compliance in their public communications 11/11/2018

3. Economic, political and Social Challenges Lack of law enforcement means CSR does NOT pay (although according to Corporate Governance Report of Thai Listed Companies 2005 – firms with higher governance scores performed better) Certain government policies inconsistent with good corporate governance (Foreign business Act, Minister’s Equity Share act,etc.) Culture of patronage contribute to widespread use of nominees. 11/11/2018

Major Obstacles to Business Growth A Survey on Corruption and Bribery in the Business Sector : University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2000

Economic, political and Social Challenges Limited long-term investment and active institutional investors means Socially Responsible Investment is RARE. (12% Institutional investor) Lack of regulatory independence government political agenda versus SEC’s regulatory agenda investigation in cases involving politicians or large companies with strong political connections 11/11/2018

Economic, political and Social Challenges More recently, boycotting and social pressures, rather than SRI, are playing increasing role in fostering CSR . 11/11/2018

4. Conclusion Independence of regulatory body and legal amendments are crucial for effective law enforcement. SEC’s authority should be broadened with respect to prosecution and identification of UBOs. “soft measures” can go a long way in regulation and in promotion of self-discipline, but has limited bite. Market-discipline requires (1) disclosures of corporate misconduct and abuses and (2) SRI 11/11/2018

4. Conclusion In the absence of market-discipline, the task will inevitably fall heavily on SEC and SET. SRI to be spearheaded by large state pension and investment funds. NGOs and civil society can play very important roles in providing “social discipline” where regulatory oversight and SRI are absent or ineffective. 11/11/2018

THANK YOU 11/11/2018