Carbon Compounds Biology K. Beris

Carbon Bonding and Functional Groups Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in its outer shell They can bond with four different elements Functional groups Clusters of atoms The structural building block that determines the characteristics of a compound -OH, the hydroxyl group, is important to living things

Large Carbon Molecules In carbon compounds, molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules Monomers—simple molecules that bonds during condensation reactions Polymers—monomers that are bound together Each releases OH- and H+ which combine to form water Hydrolysis—reversal of condensation reaction Needs the addition of water to occur

Energy Currency Life requires a constant supply of energy ATP is a compound that contains large amounts of energy in its overall structure

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 2 H atoms to 1 O atom

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides—a monomer of a carbohydrate Simple sugar Contains C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1. Most common monosaccharides are: Glucose—main source of energy for the cell Fructose—found in fruits galactose—found in milk These sugars are isomers –same chemical formula but different structural forms

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides When 2 monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide Examples: (write these in on your notes) Sucrose Maltose Lactose

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides When 2 or more disaccharides combine, they will form a polysaccharide Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen Plants store glucose as starches Cellulose is another polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Proteins Organic compounds composed of C, H, O, and N Formed by the linkage of monomers Skin and muscles of animals and many of the catalysts found in plants and animals are made of proteins

Proteins Amino acids—the 20 amino acids are the monomer building blocks for proteins They share a basic structure A central carbon atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom A carboxyl group, -COOH An amino group, -NH2 A group that varies from amino acid to amino acid

Dipeptides and polypeptides Dipeptide—2 amino acids bond to each other, one at a time to form a dipeptide Polypeptide—amino acids can bond to each other one at a time forming a very long chain

Dipeptides and polypeptides Enzyme—enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its substrate, the reactant being catalyzed An enzyme may fail to work if its environment is changed pH or temperature change can change the shape of the enzyme or substrate

Lipids Lipids are large nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water Have a higher ratio of C and H to O atoms than carbohydrates do

Lipids Fatty acids—unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids Two ends have very different properties Hydrophilic—”water loving”—attracted to water molecules Hydrophobic—”water fearing”—does not interact with water

Lipids Complex lipids Triglycerides—made up of 3 molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol Phospholipids—have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group 2 layers make up the cell membrane

Lipids Wax—a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain Highly waterproof In plants, forms a protective coating on the outer surfaces In animals forms protective layers

Lipids, cont. Steroids—steroid molecules are composed of 4 fused C rings with various functional groups attached to them Make up animal hormones and cholesterol

Nucleic Acids Very large and complex organic molecules that store information in the cell 2 types DNA—contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities RNA—stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins

Nucleic Acids Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base

Carbohydrate Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Picture of the molecule Name of Macromolecule Carbohydrate Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Picture of the molecule Elements in the molecule Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Categories or buildinblocks Table sugar Malt Sugar Milk sugar Monosaccharides Disaccharides Sucrose=glucose+ fructose Maltose=glucose+ glucose Lactose=glucose+ galactose Amino acids glycerol and fatty acids Nucleotides Examples Glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, glycogen, starch, cellulose Hair, skin, spider webs, feathers, turtle shells, fingernails, bones Cell membranes Waxes Oils Cholesterol DNA and RNA Examples of food sources Sugar, cake, pie, breads, pasta, rice, potatoes, candy, soda pop Peanut butter, meat, beans Vegetable oil Peanut oil Lard butter