Digestion??

Part 1 of the Digestive System Nutrition Part 1 of the Digestive System

What are the 3 Major Groups of Food??

Essential Nutrients Living things are composed of non – living chemicals The macronutrients you need are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals

Carbohydrates Energy! What happens if we don’t eat enough carbohydrates? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjYf6I9eUjE We rely on plant sources for carbs Examples of Carbs?

Chemistry…..? Carbs are single sugar units or polymers of many sugar units Single sugar usually contain C, H and O Monosaccharides- 1 single sugar unit The simplest sugars are made up of 3, 5, or 6 carbons. Sugars always have the –ose suffix. Isomers- all 3 molecules have the same formula but different arrangements

Main Types of Sugars Glucose: The main monosaccharide. Needed for Cellular Respiration (found in the blood) Fructose: a simple sugar often found in fruits Galactose: a simple sugar found in dairy products Ribose: genetic sugar, helps make RNA Deoxyribose: genetic sugar, helps make DNA Cellulose: makes up plant walls

2 monosaccharides = 1 disaccharide Dehydration synthesis- larger molecules formed by removal of water from 2 smaller molecules Hydrolysis: is the addition of water to split larger molecules.

Main types of Disaccharides Sucrose: a glucose and a fructose sugar molecule joining together Maltose: 2 glucose molecules joining together Lactose: a glucose and a galactose molecule joining together

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides- formed from many monosaccharides – example: starch Starches exist as amylose and amylopectin Can contain 1000 or more units of glucose In the shape of a helix

Polysaccharides Starch: a plant carbohydrate used to store energy Glycogen: the form of carbohydrate storage in animals Cellulose: a plant polysaccharide that makes up cell walls. We store carbs as glycogen in the…

Tests for Carbohydrates Benedicts test- detects reducing sugars (all monosaccharide's and some disaccharides) The benedicts reagent turns from blue (little amount) to orange/red (a lot) when reducing sugars are present Starch test- detects the presence of complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) or starch Iodine is added and creates a blue-black iodine starch complex

Lipids??

Lipids Why does fat float? 2 units: glycerol and fatty acids- forms a Triglyceride Formed by dehydration synthesis Function: storage of energy What else do lipids do??

Fat Stats Once the body has enough glycogen it converts excess sugars into lipids. This is why too many carbs can be a bad thing Key component in cell membranes Acts a cushion for delicate organs Serves as a carrier for vitamin A, D, E, and K Raw materials for synthesis of hormones and other important chemicals Insulator

Saturated and Non- Saturated Fats Saturated- only a single bond between carbon atoms (often animal based) Non-saturated- double bonds between carbon atoms (often plant based) Think – Butter vs Cooking Oil Exception: Coconut Oil

Phospholipids Have a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol backbone The polar end of the lipid is now soluble in water and the non polar end is insoluble It is now a major component of a cell membrane

Think about it! Why are fats bad for you? Are All Fats bad for you? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo4Lrce5EiI

Tests for Lipids Translucence Test- lipids cause unglazed brown paper to become translucent. Non-lipids do not. Sudan IV Test- lipids dissolve in the sudan IV indicator turning it from a black granular form to a pink or red paste.

Assignment Please complete practice questions on page 245: 1 – 5 Please read and complete the case study questions on page 248-249: 1 – 5

PROTEINS

Proteins Proteins are not a primary energy compound. They are chains of amino acids that form structures in cells or act as antibodies or enzymes. When damage occurs and repair is needed, proteins are made

What do Proteins do?? Used to form structural parts of the cell Composed of amino acids Muscles, nerves, skin and hair is mostly protein Composed of C, H and O Not primarily energy- unlike carbs and fats They can also contain N and S atoms as well The

Proteins in the Body Antibodies are specialized proteins that help the body defend itself against disease. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Proteins are composed of 20 different Amino Acids Change in position of one amino acid..the structure can be altered Small protein only a few amino acids…some can contain up to 250 000

The number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein Protein you eat is digested and them reassembled Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds Essential amino acids- we need from food!! Fish different from cow and human Reassembled to match your genes Protein synthesis as well- a water molecule is formed Chains of amino acids polypeptides

How are proteins formed

Protein Structure Proteins form specific three dimensional shapes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki9dwhCwMsI Proteins can be shown in their primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure.

Denaturation and Coagulation Denaturation- process when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a change in shape Coagulation- permanent change in protein shape (ex. Boiled egg) Physical or chemical factors disrupt bonds- cause denaturation- change in the proteins physical properties and its biological activty- it can no longer function how it was supposed to- proteins are like keys- they need to be shaped right to do their job

Tests for Proteins Biuret Test- when the blue biuret reagent is added to proteins, the peptide bonds turn the biuret reagent a purple colour. When exposed to excessive heat, radiation or changes in pH, the hydrogen bonds that hold proteins together break down, disrupting the configuration/ shape of the protein.

Can you find it??

Testing for Organic Molecules http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=79&brch=17&sim=205&cnt=4 Test Name Testing For Results   Iodine Starch Benedicts Glucose Biuret Protein Paper Spot Test Fats

Testing for Organic Molecules Write observations from Simulation http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=79&brch=15&sim=121&cnt=4 Test Product Result (+/-) Observation Carrot   Wheat Apple Egg Tomato Oats Potato Bread