Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles,tendons, ligaments and joints of the body Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs Muscles: internal and external movement Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility Tendons: bind muscles to bones Ligaments: bind bones to other bones Which bones are located in the face? Which bones support and protect the internal organs of the body? Which muscles are most often used when an athlete is in training to run in a marathon? What are common joint injuries?

Bone Processes and Depressions Processes: serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels What are the major named processes and depressions?

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae Why is the human vertebral column subject to injury?

Bones: Thorax, Pelvis, and Extremities Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.

Bones of Leg and Foot There are seven bones of the leg and foot. Have students identify bones shown in the figure.

Pathologic Conditions Fractures of Bones What is the definition of a fracture? What are the common names used for specific types of fractures? What does reduction mean as it pertains to fractures?

Bone with osteoporosis Pathology Image A: normal bone Image B: bone with osteoporosis What is osteoporosis? (decrease in bone density; thinning and weakening of bone) How often should women get a bone density test? Normal Bone Bone with osteoporosis

Joints Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones Suture joints: immovable (skull) Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle) What are some examples of places on the body with joints?

Synovial Joints Joint capsule surrounds bone. Ligaments band bones together. Bones are covered by articular cartilage. Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid. A meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity; acts as a protective cushion; present in the knee

Bursae Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place Common sites: between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy) Name examples of bursae, such as elbow, knee and shoulder joints. Which sports injuries are related to this topic? Which bursae are associated with the knee and elbow?

Joints Give the students examples of joints that look like the ones depicted in these figures.

Muscles- 3 types Striated/skeletal: under voluntary control— they move all the bones as well as face and eyes Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) Cardiac: involuntary and found exclusively in the heart Which muscles are striated in appearance, smooth in character?

Types of Muscle Go over the figure with students, pointing to the parts of the arm where they are most likely to notice striations. Ask the students to describe smooth muscles.

Endurance vs. Strength Muscular Endurance: Ability of muscles to continue without fatigue. Slow twitch muscle fibers Endurance activities Muscular Strength: Max amt. of force a muscle can produce at one time. Fast twitch muscle fibers Lower reps at higher weight

PUSH or PULL . . . Muscles only pull In order for muscles to move and contract they must become shorter.

Muscle Cramp What causes a muscle cramp? Dehydration Poor Circulation Exercise that is too strenuous Imbalance of minerals . . . potassium A strong uncontrolled contraction of a muscle.

3 Ways to Help Prevent Muscle Injuries: Steady progression of training. Not too much too soon. Proper dynamic warm up. Focus on mobility, stretching, foam rolling after.

Actions of Muscles

Check for Understanding… 1. What binds muscles to bones? 2. What binds bones to other bones? 3. How many Cervical, Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae are there?

Continue Check for Understanding… 4. What causes Osteoporosis? 5. Give one example of where you would find a suture joint… 6. Give one example where you would find a synovial joint…

Continue Check for Understanding… 7. What is the function of the meniscus? Where would you find a meniscus located in the body? 8.Where is a bursea needed? 9. a.) List the three types of muscles b.) Where are these muscles located?

Continue Check for Understanding… 10. What is the difference between muscular endurance and muscular strength? 11. List 3 causes of muscle cramps 12. What are 3 ways to prevent muscle injuries? 13. The opposite of… Flexion is _______________________ Adduction is _____________________ supination is _____________________ dorsiflexion is ____________________