Sports Medicine I Mr. Ryan

What Will I Learn? Human biology Anatomy Exercise Physiology Kinesiology Biomechanics Muscles, bones, ligaments, organs Mechanics and treatment of sports injury

Course Expectations See Handout Warm Up Write what you think these words mean: Anatomy Physiology Kinesiology Biomechanics Anatomical Position

Answers Anatomy - The scientific study of how the body is organized concentrating on bones, joints, muscles, and organs, their kinds and their arrangements. (ana- : separate, -otomy: incision/cut) Physiology - is the study of how cells and organ systems function. (-ology: study of) Kinesiology – the study of human movement. Biomechanics - The study of motion and the effects of forces relative to the body. (bio- :life) *Take “Pre-Quiz”

Warm Up Name the anatomical names of the following muscles and bones: Collar bone Chest muscle Thigh bone Shoulder blade Stomach muscles Breast plate Calf muscle

Anatomical Terms How do I dorsiflex my toes? Do my hamstrings help in flexion or extension of the knee joint? In which anatomical plane do I do a “jumping jack”? Which is more medial? Elbow or wrist? Is my belly button on the anterior or posterior side of my body?

Introduction to Anatomy The anatomical position

Anatomical Terms In relation to the frontal plane: Anterior – refers to the front of the body Posterior – refers to the back of the body In relation to the sagittal plane: Medial – closer to the midline Lateral – farther from the midline Other directional terms: Superior - toward the head end of the body Inferior - away from the head Proximal – towards an attachment Distal – away from an attachment Dorsal – toward the back/posterior Plantar – toward/on the sole of the foot Ventral – toward the front/anterior

Movement Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body Extension – is the opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle

Cont… Adduction - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. Abduction - the exact opposite, with an increase in the angle.

Cont… Rotation – is rotation of an entire limb clockwise (laterally) or anticlockwise (medially). Circumduction -is a special case of movement involving adduction, flexion, extension and abduction. The resulting movement creates a circular path of movement. (Ball and socket joints)

Cont… Pronation – this is the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces posteriorly. Supination - roation of the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly.

Cont… Inversion - the movement of the sole towards the median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted). Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.

Cont… Dorsi flexion – toes pointing up Plantar flexion – toes pointing down

Cont… Retraction – gliding a segment backward ( e.g. scapulae squeeze together) Protraction – when a segment glides forward (e.g. mandible/jaw)

Skeletal System

Bones Protect organs Support/Framework Provide Movement (work with muscles) Store minerals Produce blood cells 2 skeletons Axial (spine, thorax, and skull Appendicular (bones of the extremities)

Anatomical Characteristics of Bone Dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) that are filled in a matrix, which consists of an intercellular material. Compact (hard) tissue – outer surface, tunneled by a marrow cavity Cancellous (spongy) bone – inner aspect composed of a more porous tissue Contains a network of blood and lymphatic vessels Periosteum – tissue that covers a bone and contains the blood supply to the bone

Cont… Epiphysis – growth plate located at the ends of a long bone Bone types Long (femur) Short (metacarpal) Flat (scapula) Irregular (vertebra) Osteoblasts – bone-producing cells (new) Osteoclasts – cells that resorb bone (break up old bone)

Marrow Red Marrow – RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets Yellow Marrow – WBC’s

GROWTH PLATE

Cartilage Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones Functions: Join structures (ribs and sternum) Absorb shock Permit smooth bone movement 3 types Hyaline or articular (nasal septum, articular ends of bones of synovial joints) Fibrous (vertebral discs, menisci) Elastic (external ear)

Joints Three classifications of joints: Synovial, Fibrous, and Cartilaginous Ligaments – connective tissue joining bone to bone Synovial (Diarthrodial) – Have fantastic mobility and consist of a joint capsule Consists of Joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane Hyaline cartilage Ligaments

Types of Synovial Joints Ball and Socket – allow all possible movement Shoulder and hip joints Hinge – allow only flexion and extension Elbow and knee Pivot – permits rotation around an axis Cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna Ellipsoidal – have an elliptical convex head and a concave socket wrist

Cont… Saddle – reciprocally concavo-convex Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Gliding – allow a small amount of gliding back and forth and sideways Joints between the carpal and tarsal bones, joints between vertebrae

Fibrous (Synarthrodial) Joints Held by connective tissue Immovable E.g. Bones of the skull. Between tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous (Ampiarthrodial) Joints Cartilage attaching two bones together E.g. Where the ribs meet the sternum

Muscles (mm) Three types: Smooth – internal organs Cardiac – heart Skeletal – attached to skeleton responsible for movement TYPE I – “Slow Twitch” TYPE II – “Fast Twitch”

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AGONIST - Muscles that carry out a given action. ANTAGONISTS – mm that carry out the opposing action. ISOTONIC – mm contraction, tension remains unchanged and the muscle's length changes. CONCENTRIC – mm shortens. ECCENTRIC – mm lengthens. ISOMETRIC – mm stays the same length.

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

Muscles Composed of contractile cells or fibers Myofibrils are surrounded by the endomysium Fiber bundles are surrounded by the perimysium The entire muscle is surrounded by the epimysium Tendon – attaches muscle to bone Aponeurosis - connective tissue that attaches to other muscles

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