Mechanic of Movement Tissues and Structures Involved Types of Joints *Muscle *Nerve *Bone Types of Joints Mechanics of Joints *Cartilage *Tendons *Ligaments

Eating Clapping Sitting Walking What is a joint? A joint is where two bones meet. It can be movable or fixed. Why do we have joints? Try to do any of the following without using your joints. Eating Clapping Sitting Walking Talking Writing If we did not have joints we would find even the simplest tasks very difficult. Any movement needing bending would be impossible!!!!

Functional Classification The amount of movement the joint allows Synarthroses immovable joints Amphiarthroses slightly moveable joints Diarthroses freely moveable joints

Structural Classification Fibrous joints Generally immovable Fibrous tissue separate the boney region at the joint Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable Cartilage separates the boney regions at the joint Synovial joints Freely moveable The boney regions of the joint are separated by a space

HOW DOES MOVEMENT HAPPENS? Muscles pull on Tendons to Move bones at connections called Joints

Tendons are connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement

Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue synarthrosis or largely immovable. Skull Bones tightly bound by minimal fiber Tibiofibular ligament Longer connecting fibers Joint has more give Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement

Ligaments connect bone-to-bone or reinforce joints

Mostly amphiarthrosis Cartilaginous Joints Mostly amphiarthrosis Bones connected by cartilage Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints Costal cartilage-sternum

Diarthroses – movable joint Most common joint in the body Synovial Joints Diarthroses – movable joint Most common joint in the body Articulating ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage Enclosed by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue lined with synovial membranes Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid for lubrication Ligaments reinforce the joint

Types of Synovial Joints The type of joint determines the movement of the joint

Types of Synovial Joints Hinge- allows extension & retraction of an appendage Examples? Ball and Socket- allows for radial movement in almost any direction. Examples? Hinge joints--elbow,ankle, interj-phalangeal Hinge joints—cylindrical end of one bone fits into the trough-shaped surface on another, angular movement in just one plane, elbow,ankle Ball-and-socket--hip, shoulder Ball-and-socket—the sherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another allows movement in all axes, hip, shoulder

Types of Synovial Joints Saddle- the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions, the two bones complementing one other allowing a wide range of movement. Planar- 
bones slide past each other. Plane joints--intercarpal joints Plane joints—articular surface is short and flat, movement is slipping or gliding, intercarpal joints of the wrist Saddle joints--carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb Saddle joints—each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, same kind of movement as condyloid joints, carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid- egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another bone allows for side to side and back and forth Pivot- rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ting of another bone allows for rotation. Pivot joints--radio-ulnar joint Pivot joints—rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone, can rotate around its long axis, radio-ulnar joint Condyloid joints (egg into oval)--metacarpo-phalangeal Condyloid joints—egg shaped articular surface of one bone into an oval concavity in another, side to side and back and forth movement but no rotation, metacarpo-phalangeal

Hyaline cartilage Joint cavity Spongy cushions absorb compression Protects ends of bones from being crushed Joint cavity Potential space Small amount of synovial fluid

Joint capsule Two layered Outer*: fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue Inner*: synovial membrane of loose connective tissue. Makes synovial fluid* Lines all internal joint surfaces *Fibrous capsule *Synovial Membrane *Synovial fluid

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis Most common chronic arthritis Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities

Hand affected by Rheumatoid arthritis

Artificial Hip Joint