Development and Principles of Rocketry Introduction Lecture One

Early History 9th Century Chinese first used gunpowder motors to extend the range of arrows 13th Century Mongols bring rocket weapons to the west 1453 - Rockets used at siege of Constantinople 1807 - William Congreve’s rockets bombard Copenhagen in the Napoleonic Wars

Early History 1812 - Royal Navy fires Congreve’s rockets at Fort McHenry. The USA’s national anthem refers to the use of rockets. “And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there” 1844 - William Hale improves accuracy by using spinning rockets but rockets remain less accurate than artillery

The 20th Century 20th Century The control and guidance of rockets is improved by new technologies: i Liquid and gaseous propellants. ii Gyroscopic guidance. i Liquid & gaseous propellants allows control over the thrust of a rocket. ii Gyroscopic guidance greatly improves the accuracy of rockets.

The Space Race 1926 - Robert Goddard launched first liquid fuelled rocket. Goddard and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as 2.6 km (1.6 mi) and speeds as high as 885 km/h (550 mph). 1947 - Chuck Yeager the first man to break sound barrier. Two nights before the flight, Yeager broke two ribs, but was so afraid of being removed from the mission that he went to a veterinarian for treatment. On the day of the flight he was in such pain that he couldn’t seal the aircraft hatch by himself. 1957 - Russia launches the first satellite, Sputnik. Sputnik 1 transmitted for twenty-one days after reaching orbit and remained in orbit for ninety-six days. It burned up in the atmosphere on its 1,400th orbit of Earth.

The Space Race 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. Gagarin became the first human being to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1). After the flight he became a world famous celebrity, touring to many places including, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Italy and Japan. 1961 - President Kennedy commits the US to land men on the Moon. He said, “No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.”

The Space Race 1963 - NERVA, the first nuclear thermal engine. An acronym for Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application, it demonstrated that nuclear thermal rocket engines were a feasible and reliable tool for space exploration. 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon. Armstrong spent about 2½ hours outside the spacecraft, Aldrin slightly less. A third member of the mission, Michael Collins, piloted the command spacecraft in lunar orbit until Armstrong and Aldrin returned to it just under a day later. 1982 - America developed the first space shuttle vehicle. Columbia was the first shuttle orbital, completing 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry on February 1st 2003, resulting in the deaths of all crew members aboard.

Founders of Modern Rocketry Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935 Established the principles for high powered, multi staged, rockets. Among his works are designs for rockets with steering thrusters, multistage boosters, space stations and airlocks. Robert Esnault-Pelterie 1881-1957 Researched rocket technology. In 1913 he produced a paper that calculated the energies required to reach the Moon and nearby planets. Robert Goddard 1882-1945 Designed the first liquid fuelled rocket. The rocket rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended 184 feet away in a cabbage field.

Founders of Modern Rocketry Hermann Oberth 1894-1989 Developed the basic mathematics of rocket propulsion. In 1923 he explained mathematically how rockets could achieve a speed that would allow them to escape Earth’s gravitational pull. Sergei Korolyov 1907-1966 Designed the R-7 ICBM which was used to launch Sputnik. He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics. Wernher von Braun 1912-1977 Designed the first long-range rocket – the V-2, with a range of 200 miles. He was also the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. He is credited as being the "Father of Rocket Science“.

The Rocket Car The first recorded rocket car was the RAK-1 made by Fritz Opel in 1928 the car achieved a top speed of 47 mph. The fastest rocket car was the Blue Flame which achieved a speed of 622.407 mph at the Bonneville Salt Flats on 23 Oct 1970.

Rocket Planes The ME 163 was only mass produced rocket plane. Designed as a rocket powered fighter aircraft. It saw service in 1944, during WWII. In the 1960’s the X-15 was the first aircraft to fly into space. Only three X-15’s were made, and one was lost in a crash.

Rocket planes are used as experimental test vehicles. In 1947 Chuck Yeager was the first man to break the sound barrier in the rocket propelled Bell X-1 “Spaceship One” was the first privately made rocket plane. “Skylon” is being designed in the UK to offer space flight from conventional runways.

Check of Understanding Where were rockets first made? England USA China Russia

Check of Understanding The first nuclear thermal engine was called: NERVA SPUTNIK SKYLON Spaceship One

Check of Understanding The maximum range of a V2 rocket was. . . 400 miles 300 miles 200 miles 100 miles

Check of Understanding Who built and launched the first liquid fuelled rocket? Konstatine Tsiolkovsky Wernher von Braun Robert Esnault-Pelterie Robert Goddard

Check of Understanding Who piloted the first rocket plane to break the sound barrier? Chuck Yeager Neil Armstrong Fritz Opel Bert Rutan

Check of Understanding Who designed the Russian R7 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile? Yuri Gagarin Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Sergei Korolyov Wernher von Braun

Check of Understanding Who were the first men to walk on the moon? Neil Armstrong & Yuri Gagarin Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin Robert Goddard & Buzz Aldrin Wernher von Braun & Neil Armstrong

Check of Understanding Which was the first rocket plane to fly into space? X-15 ME-163 RAK-1 Bell X-1

Check of Understanding In which year did the first liquid fuelled rocket fly? 1936 1916 1926 1946

Check of Understanding Which Englishman developed a rocket for use in the Napoleonic wars? Sir William Congreve William Hale Sir Isaac Newton Arthur C Clarke

Development and Principles of Rocketry End of Presentation