Religion Sparks Reform Section 8*1 pp. 240-245

Preview Questions What was the Second Great Awakening? What was transcendentalism? What did Americans attempt to reform?

I. The Second Great Awakening Evangelical movement Dramatic religious conversions Focus on individual salvation and social reform Dramatic Religious

I. The Second Great Awakening Revivalism Roving preachers set up revival camps Charles Finney: “Father of modern revivalism” Increase in church membership

I. The Second Great Awakening The Burned-Over-District Epicenter of revivalism: Western New York Many new denominations Communal societies Reforms like abolitionism and temperance

Burned-Over-District

I. The Second Great Awakening The African American Church “Democratic Churches” expand religion Social, political, cultural centers Richard Allen- founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson+ A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination Led by Emerson and Thoreau Truth found in nature, emotion, and imagination Dignity of the individual Promoted self-reliance, optimism, freedom

Ralph Waldo Emerson

II. Transcendentalism Thoreau Unitarianism Civil Disobedience Instead of protesting with violence, they should peacefully refuse to obey the law Walden's Pond-follow your inner voice Unitarianism Faith in the individual Reason and conscience as path to perfection

III. Ideal Communities Utopian Communities Goal: create a perfect place Inspired by idealism to improve mankind Not long-lasting

III. Ideal Communities Shaker Communities Founded by Anne Lee Value sharing, gender equality, peace No marriage or children

IV. School & Prison Reform Asylums and Prisons Dorothea Dix Reformers emphasize rehabilitation and hope Education Set up publicly supported schools Education is essential to democracy If we do not prepare children to become good citizens ….if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic most go down to destruction, as others have gone before it.” (Horace Mann)