Violence Against Women: Surviving Trauma WE’RE ALL IN SUMMIT June 22, 2018 Tidewater Community College Portsmouth, VA 23701 Bernadette J. Holmes, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice Norfolk State University

Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes Objectives Explore the various forms of violence against women as a mechanism of social control Analyze the interrelationship of gendered specific violence Understand societal attitudes and misconceptions of gendered violence Examine the contextualization of fear Discuss Strategies of support for victims and survivors Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Introduction Violence Against Women is a systematic pattern of abuse and victimization, rather than an isolated incident based on individual pathology. Gendered violence is pervasive, reflects misogynist views, patriarchal ideology and sexism.

What is Trauma ? “Trauma” describes interpersonal experiences or situations when a person’s physical integrity is compromised, the ability to integrate his/her emotional experience is hindered or one’s internal resources and/or ability to cope are overwhelmed. An individual’s experience of trauma can impact all aspects of life: physical, psychological, behavioral, social, emotional, spiritual and neurological.

The Study of Violence and Victimization Understanding Societal Attitudes Family as a “private sphere” Doctrine of Domestic Curtain Limited Analysis Focus on Physical Violence Degree of Injury Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Interrelationship of Violence Continuum of Violence All forms of violence are interrelated and reinforce one another. All types of violence against women are linked to issues of power and control. Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Interrelationship of Violence (cont.) Pornography Prostitution Battering Rape Sexual Assault Incest Domestic Violence Sexual Harassment Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Interrelationship of Violence Violence as Social Control Social control limits and restricts behavior and shapes the norms and values of society. It is reinforced through socialization and supported by all of the social institutions in society Social control is both formal and informal Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Interrelationship of Violence Sexual Terrorism Is a system by which males frighten, control and dominate women. (Carole Sheffield, 1994) Components of sexual terrorism includes: 1. Ideology 2. Propaganda Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Interrelationship of Violence 3. Indiscriminateness, unpredictability, arbitrariness, destructiveness and amorality 4. Voluntary compliance ~ Blame the Victim and Excuse the offender as normal and/or sick~ Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Contextualization of Fear Fear is quantitatively and qualitatively different for women than for men Women attempt to avoid sexual intrusion in varying degrees Restrict behavior Economics Life Style Relationships Physical appearances Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes HEALING Resilience The process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging and threating circumstances Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Journey Towards Healing Trauma Care Intersectionality (Race, Class, Gender) Self-care Knowledge Empowerment Social Support Family Community Spirituality Vulnerability & Humanity Voice Centered Discourse

Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes Journey Towards Healing Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Contact Information/Resources Bernadette J. Holmes, Ph.D. Professor Norfolk State University Graduate Program in Criminal Justice Department of Sociology Virginia Beach Higher Education Center 1881 University Drive Virginia Beach, Virginia 23453 (757) 368-6369 Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes Q&A ? Thank You Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes

Bernadette J. Holmes, Ph.D. Master of Arts Fall 2017 copyright (c) Bernadette J. Holmes