Chapter 6: Learning Ch. 6.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 6: Learning Ch. 6

Learning 1. Classical Conditioning: Pairing Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning: Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning: Consequence 3. Observational Learning: Watching Ch. 6

Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov: we learn to associate two stimuli by pairing (experiments w/ dogs) Ch. 6

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Stimulus coming from the environment that naturally triggers a response (automatic) Unconditioned Response (UCR): Reflex to the UCS, unlearned/naturally/automatically Neutral Stimulus (NS): has no relationship to the UCS or UCR but later gains power to trigger the CR Conditioned Stimulus (CS): aka previously neutral stimulus, through pairing w/ UCS becomes learned & triggers the CR Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the conditioned stimulus Ch. 6

Classical Conditioning: Terminology Acquisition: The initial stage of learning Elicited: “Brings out” either automatically or involuntarily Trial: Pairing of the UCS & NS Ch. 6

Classical Conditioning of a Fear Response Ch. 6

Processes in Classical Conditioning Extinction: presenting the CS alone w/out UCS causing weakening/disappearance Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of behavior, after a period of no exposure Stimulus Generalization: responding to similar stimuli Discrimination: responding to only a specific stimuli Ch. 6

Acquisition, Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery Ch. 6

Variations in Classical Conditioning Stimulus Contiguity: occurring together in time and space Higher-Order Conditioning: building on an already conditioned behavior, to associate another conditioned stimulus. (1st to sound, then to color) Renewal Effect: if extinguished in another place, reappearance of the behavior if you return to the original environment Ch. 6

Higher-order conditioning Ch. 6

Classical Conditioning: Behaviorism John B. Watson: behavior learned through.. Little Albert: classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat, then any small fluffy thing. UCS: Generalization? UCR: Discrimination? NS: Reversible? CS: CR: Ch. 6

Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning: learning that is controlled by consequences Edward L. Thorndike (1913) Law of Effect: behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely & vice versa Puzzle Box: experiments w/ Cats taught escape learning Ch. 6

Escape and avoidance learning Ch. 6

Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): complex or voluntary behaviors controlled my a machine Emission of response: voluntary Reinforcement Contingencies: rules Cumulative Recorder: graphs responses Ch. 6

Skinner Box & Cumulative Recorder Ch. 6

Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning Acquisition: first time you learn Shaping: reinforcing behavior that is close too the desired goal Extinction: weakening/disappearance of a response (no consequence Discriminative Stimuli: cues that influence behavior (asking when in a good mood) Ch. 6

Comparison of Basic Classical & Operant Conditioning Ch. 6

Consequences that Strengthen Responses Primary Reinforcers Satisfy biological needs (needs) Secondary Reinforcers Conditioned reinforcement (wants) Ch. 6

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement: (leads to more resistance to extinction) Ratio schedules: Based on Response Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Interval schedules: Based on Time Fixed Interval Variable Interval Ch. 6

Schedules of Reinforcement

Consequences: Reinforcement & Punishment Positive: (+) Something Given Reinforcement: Behavior Increases Negative: (-) Something Taken Punishment: Behavior Decreases Ch. 6

Positive Reinforcement & Negative Reinforcement Ch. 6

Negative Reinforcement & Punishment Ch. 6

Consequences: Reinforcement & Punishment Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Escape learning: learn to end aversion Avoidance learning: learn to prevent Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Problems with punishment Ch. 6

New Operant Conditioning Ideas Conditioned Taste Aversion: John Garcia, taste-nausea & odder-nausea are impossible to prevent Ch. 6

Conditioned Taste Aversion Ch. 6

Observational Learning Albert Bandura: Observational learning through modeling Models: people who demonstrate the behavior 4 key processes attention retention reproduction motivation Ch. 6

Observational learning Ch. 6