EVOLUTION VOCAB Chapter 16 & 17 Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Differences among individuals within a species Change in a population over time; also change in the relative frequency of alleles in a gene pool evolution Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve Trait controlled by two or more genes Polygenic trait Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Convergent evolution

Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation

Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Adaptive radiation OR Divergent evolution

A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals mutation Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability Genetic drift

All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population Gene pool A situation in which the allele frequencies in a population do NOT change and the population does NOT EVOLVE Genetic equilibrium

Stabilizing selection The effect of natural selection when individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes Stabilizing selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Directional selection The effect of natural selection when individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end Directional selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

The effect of natural selection when individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve Disruptive selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific problem evolution hypothesis

A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place Founder effect Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A trait controlled by a single gene with two or more alleles Multiple allele trait The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur Relative frequency

A well supported, testable explanation of observed natural phenomena THEORY Another name for competition for resources Struggle for existence

Another name for adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Another name for natural selection Survival of the fittest

Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . . English mathematician and German physician who proposed the principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change and developed an equation to predict the frequency of alleles in a population Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg

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