The Amazing Human Body Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci

The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1

Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

Check For Understanding Why would it be difficult to study and understand physiology without a good understanding of anatomy?

Answer Structure dictates function, and a change in structure will alter function

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 2

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 3

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 4

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 5

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 6

At which level of structural organization is the stomach? Did You Get It? At which level of structural organization is the stomach?

Answer Organ Level

At which level of structural organization is a glucose molecule? Did You Get It? At which level of structural organization is a glucose molecule?

Answer Chemical Level

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering (boundaries) Protects deeper tissue from injury (heart outside skin) Helps regulate body temperature (dissipation) Location of cutaneous nerve receptors (125mph) Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs (heart inside ribs) Provides muscle attachment for movement Integration Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Homeostasis Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Sometimes Cardio-vascular and Respiratory systems are combined and termed Cardio-Respiratory because they are SO important to each other Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

Did You Get It? Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

Answer Respiratory System