Industrial Revolution Spread & the New City

I. New Powers Britain had strict laws against exporting ideas & inventions Cockerill left & set up a textile factory in Belgium Other nations quickly caught up: Ger, Fr, US had more resources, Brit was example

Bessemer – steel (lighter, stronger) symbol of 2nd IR many new social changes By late 1800’s companies hired chemists & engineers to produce new products & machines Bessemer – steel (lighter, stronger) symbol of 2nd IR Aspirin, fertilizer, dynamite (Nobel) Battery (Volta), dynamo (Faraday), light bulbs (Edison) Assembly line & interchangeable parts By 1900’s conditions improving, low prices & increasing demand created jobs

II. Transportation, Communication & Business RR being built on larger scale railroad video.asf Otto invented gasoline powered engine, Benz 1st auto, Daimler 1st 4 wheeled auto Wright brothers-airplane, Morse-telegraph, Bell-telephone, Marconi-radio

owners of companies sold stock (shares) Corporations formed as thousands of shares are sold, allowing corp. expanded into other areas Some tried to form monopolies (Rockefeller-oil, Vanderbilt-RR, Carnegie-RR & steel) Some large corp. joined together to form cartels to fix prices, set quotas, control markets etc.

III. New City Less children Pasteur (germ theory), vaccine for rabies, pasteurization of milk Edward Jenner (smallpox) By late 1800’s better hygiene, changed clothes more frequently Early 1800’s hospital was a death sentence, Nightingale convinced many to clean up hospitals, Lister - antiseptics

new city became center of the western world: urban renewal programs that developed entertainment, shopping, offices, gov’t, museums Rich moved to outskirts of the city, poor remained in inner city close to factories Skyscrapers, sewers, paving of streets (public works)

Dubai 1991

Dubai 2007

Workers tried to improve harsh conditions: gov’ts & business owners tried to silence them (strikes & unions were illegal) Mutual aid societies (forerunner to unions) Working men in western countries gained suffrage by mid 1800’s, standard of living began to rise Karl Marx Socialism